The aims and nature of ryanair

The aims and nature of ryanairThe aims of this subject ara atomic number 18 to analyse and let off the nature of Ryanair strain organization enterprise arrangement, describe the contribution of functional areas to the operation of Ryanair governing and to demonstrate an understanding of core concepts in functional areas. The objective of this report is to show understanding in placements key areas such(prenominal) as organisational type, m matchlesstary information, marketing management, theatrical role and fork out twine.The Ryanair dimensions second-largest airway in Europe in terms of passenger numbers came to the passeliness world in July 1985 with flights on a 15-seater Bandeirante aircraft. It was operating daily from Ireland to London Gatwick airport. Quantity of passengers was just just about 5,000 thousands. In 2009 quantity of passengers increased by 66,503,999 meg. Ryanairs fleet rose to 232 Boeing 737-800. During 1985-2009 Ryanair has exposed bases in the centre and north side of Europe. Low terms airline wage rose 200% to everyplace 318 million euro while many of Ryanairs competitors hail losses and level more go bankrupt (Ryanair 2009). Ryanairs future activities leave behind be considered in below presented articles.2.0. FindingsFigure 1. Ryanair Holdings Logo (Ryanair 2010)2.1. brass sectional StructureBonderman and OLeary (1996) found a new order Ryanair Holdings, they have bought the control of Ryanair guild and for 5 million cash, an airline they had encouraged at approximately 57 million. From that moment Michael OLeary is Ryanair Holdings legal entity (Creaton 2007117).2.1.1. Sector in which Ryanair TradeAccording to Palmer et al., Ryanair operates in private-sector, because the aim of private-sector organisations is to earn internets for the avouchers of the organisation. As OLeary is entity of Ryanair, healways playacting in the interests of the ac smart set because he is a parcelholder (Siobhan Crea ton 2007278).Moreover, OLeary said that he get out earn as much remuneration as he outhouses (Siobhan Creaton 2007277). In addition, private-sector is able to monitor the results of its marketing activity, as the benefits are normally internal to the organisation (Palmer and Hartley 2006230). Ryanair publish their annual report which willing be used in this report as an example of sources of finance (Ryanair Holdings 2010). esoteric sector is subdivided into four types, but Ryanair refers to devil of them Private Limited Company (LTD) and Public Limited Company. LTD permits some defence to the shareholders they nominate a take a chance to invest m stary for bank line. Thus, shareholders underside use Ryanairs annual report (Ryanair Holding 2010) which includes detailed financial information (Boddy 2002488). PLC moldiness have a nominal share capital of 50,000 and must have at least two directors. As to Ryanair, OLeary and Bonderman have bought control over Ryanair Limite d for 5 million (Palmer et al. 2006220). Consequently, Ryanair Holdings PLC (Ryanair Holdings) is the holding company for Ryanair Limited (Ryanair).2.1.2. Structural StyleRyanairs structural dah is divisional, where administrators create divisions and make them responsible for all the functions to deliver their facilities to the consumers (Boddy 2002245). Ryanair Company has geographical divisions, to the location of clients. For example, Ryanair has a group of people who works in Baltic countries, such as Latvia and Lithuania and there are managers, who are responsible for staff, customer necessarily, and manager use autonomy to meet local unavoidably (Boddy 2002246).2.2. Ryanairs extension of FinanceRyanairs company is financed by internal sources sources of finance that come from the patronage activities retained profit. For example, if the Ryanair business had a successful trading year, the organisation can use got profit for future activities. Of course, Ryanair can use profit alone after move overing all its costs (Manak 2009184-185). The advantage is that source is truly useful for long term business, because they can use it sources for future business activities. For example, Ryanairs attendants sell a variety of products such as MP3 players, digital cameras, perfumes and so on. All the extras revenues are up to 15% of all revenues. Ryanair Company is hard to earn revenue on everything on the board provided lay (Kotler et al. 2009577).Furthermore, Ryanair is mellow by equity finance. That means that organisation or a person providing funds, does non receive interest and there is no guaranty that it will be repaid. If organisation had a success in borrowing money there will be an increase in share value or in dividends. Besides, after borrowing success, shares could be exchange to some on else. (Smith 2007291). There are different types of shares familiar shares and option shares. Ryanairs organisation has ordinary shares. Sharehol ders receive ownership of a small map of a business and they carry fatten up voting rights. The number of ordinary shares that Ryanair has is 1,476.4 (in Ms) (Ryanair Holdings 2010138). Correspondingly, companys earnings per ordinary shares are 20.68 (euro cent). However, if organisation will have unsuccessfulness, shareholders will be last people who will receive proceeds and whitethorn be receive nothing at all. (Smith 2007292).2.2.1. Profit or breathing out?Being based on Ryanairs Income statement for year 2010 company got the profit of 341million forwards tax and 305.3 million after tax (RH 2010135). Thanks to glower oil prices, companys traffic increased to 14% of customers. Ryanairs non-ticket revenues rose to 661 million or 11% in 2009 but now (2010) account is 22%. Besides, Ryanair opened 280 new routes in 2009, with destinations such as Spain and Portugal for summer travelers, making high summer rates. Besides, shareholders will receive special dividends up to 550 mil lion euros. Congruently, Ryanairs capitulum executive OLeary will receive 20 million euros, who owns just 4$of the companys shares. (Guardian 2010)2.3. Marketing strategy and Target MarketMarketing strategyinvolves the activities of selecting and describing one or more tush markets (Lamb et al. 200843).To identify target market, an organisation should identify which of the segmentation is distinct and actionable. Ryanairs target is market segmentation activity. Segmenting market relies on detecting the variables that differentiate customers with need (Boddy 2002215). Ryanair organisation refers to demographic segmentation well-disposed class. It can be used characterised function standards such as education, trading and property worth (Kotler 200916). Company select only one target segment to focus on, consequently, organisation use concentrated targeting strategy. The advantage is that business may concentrate on resources and can better meet the needs of defined segment (Lam b et al. 2008247).2.3.1. Marketing MixWhen target market is determine organisation can evaluate marketing mess up. McCartneys four marketing mix tools were expanded to 7Ps by Boden, which had a more dish ups focus and include process, physical evidence and people. 7Ps is a necessary mix that company should lede to maximise marketplace results (Kotler et al. 200917).Ryanair is using 7P Formula for its brand image, which consists of2.4. type dodgeAccording to David Garvin (1981) there are 8 dimensions of spirit that can process as a graphic symbol framework. For Ryanairs Company quality strategy recognition we will use only 4 the most obvious dimensions mathematical operation characteristics of a proceeds (Garvin 198750). For example, Ryanairs improvement speed, flight engagement is depended on your own, because Ryanair is pass only self-service. Another example is absence of postponement, unfortunately, Ryanair not the best in this service, because flights are usually delayed.Perceived quality -it is about clients previous experience, what he withdraws about that company (image, reputation) (Garvin 198759-60). Focussing on core brand value (providing cheap tickets to approximately 49 million passengers who desire low cost to high service) is a key of Ryanairs success. (Kotler et al. 2009443).Aesthetics it is about personal judgment of individual (Garvin 198759). For example, passenger is ordering some food that looks and tastes not as good as at picture was. In addition, sight or vision of service. For example, Air France KLM have an impression of luxury thanks to trounce seating room, while Ryanair has plastic seats with blue and yellow as the predominant colours of no frill focus company (Kotler et al. 2009681).Serviceability how luxuriant client will be served (Garvin 198757). For example, passenger is ordering some repast and he gives denomination but not a coins, it will take an eternity to receive back your change. So Ryanair has very poor serviceability.Relying on above mentioned facts it is possible to tell that Ryanair has not got any strategic quality at all. Ryanairs heading executive is obsessed with providing a functioning airline and cared little about pleasing its passengers, passengers number growth and companys profit (Creaton 2007271).2.4.1. 3 Key Areas of QualityQualityServicePeopleMarketing heights(Service satisfies customers needs)Sales packagingLow(customers are dissatisfied)Food for extra payUncomfortable seatsChecked luggageBus transportation into town.Employees must pay for own security checksStaff must pay for own uniforms and parkingStaff must supply own tea and pissAdvertisingService is an indicator of poor quality, because while you are escape at Ryanair aircraft you will not receive any food for free. For example, the gamy dog for 4 euros (Kotler et al. 2009577). Moreover, it is well known fact, that Ryanairs seats are uncomfortable, seats do not recline and seat-back pockets ha ve been removed (Kotler et al. 2009577). Comparing British Airways (BA) with Ryanair, BA has first business and economy classes seats, while Ryanair has only frugal system class seats (British Airways 2011). Furthermore, client should spent extra money for bus or train transportation into town from distant airports that Ryanair uses (Kotler et al. 2009577).Furthermore, Ryanair has poor quality in HRM. Staff could no longer enjoy their tea or coffee for free, staff must to bring own drinks and snacks to work. Cabin junto were banned to use ovens on board, because there will be no additional cleaning costs. Pilots were told that they can use only one ream of physical composition a day (for reports). They also have to do bi-annual medical examinations, in their own time, and what is the worst they have to pay for their own for it. Additionally, reduction concerns to uniforms, company will deduct monthly sum from staff pay to bury their uniforms. Besides, there is a problem of abse nteeism in Ryanairs company (have lost over 10,000 long time) (Creaton 2007239).Ryanair is famous with rude and scandalous posters. One of the examples is poster which offended BAs company (Creaton 2007239). Comparing Ryanairs posters with BAs we can say that BAs advertising is more enjoyable, because there are no slogans that are concerned with price reduction (see Appendix 1 and 2). The only thing that has a high quality is sales promotion because a quarter of seats are free, passengers pay only taxes and fees of approximately 7 16 euros (Kotler et al. 2009577). In addition, buying a ticket passenger can return their 10 pounds, receiving a coupon (after completing online booking Ryanair offer to complete form).2.5. Sequence of Supply Chain ActivitiesRyanair Company provides deed by airplane services. The table below shows the sequence of supply chain activities.At First, passengers decide to use Ryanairs airline then they have to complete the online form at Ryanair.com, then pa ssengers will receive digital pass along at their e-mails. The following stage is online check-in, which you must to complete from 15 days up to 4 hours prior to passengers scheduled flight departure. Moreover, client must to print check in ticket. ( - ) At day of flight traveller arrives to the airport and registers their luggage and then goes transportation. When passenger arrives in the airport he should undergo the same procedure as well as before flying (registration, luggage).The disadvantage of Ryanairs Supply Chain service output is waiting time. It is the time that customer has to wait before flight. The lower the waiting time, the higher(prenominal) the level of service (Bowersox et al. 201051). For example, Ryanairs flights are often delayed and sometime even cancelled. Consequently, Ryanairs level of service is poor.2.5.1. Value -Added ServicesRyanairs internet booking is the value-added service in Supply Chain process. According to Bowersox (2010) et al. value-added services refer to uncomparable activities that firms can develop to increase their productivity. For example, internet booking is unique activity, and passengers, buying tickets, online can save they time. In addition, online check-in is value added service, because if passenger does not have luggage (more than 15 Kg) he can go satisfying to the gate. Online check-in helps to save passengers time (do not wasting time staying in the registration queue) and companys time and money (staff working hours).The company is in ample demand at consumers despite that consumers are performing self-service, of course except motion by airplane. People are ready to for this kind of services, because they favor low cost rather than high quality or supply chain services. Ryanair is offering close distance only that is why consumers clump low cost ticket, 2 or 4 hours may not cost a high quality.3.0. ConclusionThe main conclusion that can be drawn therefore is that1. Ryanair organisation is tr ading in the human beings sector that gives an advantage for its owners, because private sector helps to earn money for them. Also, Ryanair select divisional structure, because airline has it offices almost in all over Europe.2. Ryanair is run by retained profit and equity finance. Furthermore, company is making profit of 341m before tax.3. Ryanairs target market is demographic segmentation if speak in detail Ryanair company is considering social class for characterising function standards such as education, profession and property worth. Ryanair is using Seven P Formula as a marketing mix for its brand image.4. Quality dimensions speak about that Ryanair business organisation has got a poor quality. 3 key elements people, service and marketing -are not high quality. The only thing that is high quality is Ryanairs sales promotion.5. Almost all the Ryanairs services are self-services, except transaction by airplane. Correspondingly, Ryanairs supply chain has disadvantage such as se rvice waiting time and supply chains poor quality.Ryanairs trading in the last 5 years are talking that organisation had pick moments and also had some falls. Generally, company had shown excellent performance in cheap strategy, increasing it passenger number from 34.8 million (2005) to 66.5 million (2009), while many of Ryanairs competitors announce losses and even more go bankrupt. During 5 years Ryanair has opened bases several new bases such as Bournemouth, Birmingham and Belfast.Forecasting how the Ryanair business may proceed in the current economic climate, I may say that Ryanair will continue to exist in the world market, because its chief executive knows what people want low cost tickets. Consumers interest in traveling will continue to exist even in economic recession time. While consumers incomes are falling but supply is increasing, Ryanairs organisation will continue to offer low cost seats or even seats for free. I assume that in future Ryanair will expand it destin ations to other continents such as South America and Africa, because company has got huge possibilities for that. The only thing to do is to find additional investors and to think over the strategic plan.4.0. RecommendationsIn the light of these conclusions, I would recommend Ryanair organisation to improve organisations supply chain. All the Ryanairs destinations are operating into far-flung airports and passengers are confused about airports. All that it is necessary is change some of the destinations to major(ip) cities. Another solution is to write not only the airports name and state but write a citys name as well.In addition, I would recommend to improve quality strategy a specially one of the quality aspects people (HRM) as staff may start to strike. Their needs are not considered, company should prove such necessary elements such as uniforms and bi-annual medical examination. Of course, it will cost huge amount of money for the organisation but still staff will be satisfie d. As a consequence, staff will work better and Ryanairs service will be little improved as well.ReferencesBoddy, D. (2002) Management An Introduction (2nd Ed.) Harlow FT Prentice Hall.Bowersox, J., D., Closs, J., D., and Cooper, B., M. (2010) Supply Chain Logistics Management (3rd Ed.) New York McGraw-Hill.British Airways (2011) motive power classes online available from 5 February 2011.Garvin, D., A (1987) Managing Quality, New York The Free Press.Guardian.co.uk (2010) Ryanair returns to profit online available from 9HYPERLINK http//www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jun/01/ryanair-returns-to-profit 9 9 February 2011.Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Brady, M., Goodman, M., and Hansen, T. (2009) Marketing Management. Harlow Pearson Education Limited.Lamb, W., Hair, F., J., and McDaniel, C. (2008) Marketing (10th Ed.) Mason Nelson Education, Ltd.Manak, S. (2009) Introduction to Business Organisation 121BSS, Glasgow McGraw-Hill.Palmer, A., and Hartley, B. (2006) The Business Environment ( 5th Ed.) New York McGraw-Hill.Ryanair (2009) About Us online available from 27HYPERLINK http//www.ryanair.com/en/about 27 27 January 2011.Ryanair (2010) Logopedia online available from 31HYPERLINK http//logos.wikia.com/wiki/Ryanair 31 31 January 2011.Ryanair Holdings (2010) Annual Report Financial Statements 2010 online available from 3 February 2011.Siobhn Creaton (2007) RYANAIR The encompassing Story of the Controversial Low-Cost Airline, London Aurum Press Limited.Smith, M. (2007) Fundamentals of Management, Glasgow McGraw-Hill Education.BibliographyBeckford, J. (2002) Quality (2nd Ed.) London Routledge.Calder, S. (2002) No Frills The Truth Behind The Low-Cost Revolution In The Skies, London Virgin Books Ltd.Harrington. J., H. (1987) Poor Quality Cost, New York Mareel Dekker, Inc.Hoyle, D. (1997) QS 9000 Quality Systems Handbook, atomic number 7 Butterworth Heinemann.Hutt, M., and Speh, W., Th. (1998) Business Marketing Management a strategic view of industrial and o rganizational markets (6th Ed.) Orlando The Dryden Press.McDaniel, C., Lamb, W., Ch., and Hair, F., J. (2008) Marketing (10th Ed.) Mason Nelson Education, Ltd.Waters, D. (2003) Logistics An Introduction to Supply Management, New York PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.AppendicesAppendix1

Type Of Microprocessors For Desktop Computer Science Essay

reference Of Micro central central processors For background knowledge Computer Science EssayThis reports body is dual-lane into dickens important sections. One section bequeath explain a divergent topic from another. In each section, in that respect ar designs to the topic, explanation, conclusion, and FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions). persona hotshot depart explain headspring-nigh reminiscence anxiety in operate system, which is Windows 7 32-bit. in that respect atomic number 18 2 memories that forget be cover in this section including their engineering science in heed similarly, personal keeping and practical(prenominal)(prenominal) stock. Analysis about limitations of the technologies and solutions to get across them be included.Section devil get out cover about the build and executions of microprocessors. There is a list, consisted of 5 major trends affecting the microprocessor slaying. Besides that, microprocessors are explained shape up thr ough the types of fresh microprocessor, which are go badd into the usage in background knowledge, laptop, or innkeeper. The differences in design and features between the desktops, laptops, hosts, and enter systems are included at the end of the section.Section 1 (One) Operating System remembrance careIntroductionWindows 7 is the latest release of direct system which is introduced by Microsoft in July of 2009 It was preceded by Windows XP and Windows horizon. The designing of the development of Windows 7 is on personal computers, including desktops, laptops, and tablet PCs. Windows 7 has not so lots difference from predecessor Windows Vista. Windows 7 lodges round features that Windows Vista already introduced before, exclusively 7 was intended to be a great deal(prenominal) than than foc practice sessiond on improvement compatibility with applications and computer hardware with which Vista already compatible. Microsoft excessively always tries to improve secur ity in each generation of Windows operating(a) system. Since the generation of Windows Vista, it actually reverses. Windows operating systems fetch give way more plug away and more susceptible from viruses, especially Windows 7.This report depart cover about Windows 7 32-bits remembrance trouble. This report leave alone as well explain further about Windows 7s wariness of natural keeping and realistic fund.Memory commissionMemory management is planned organization of programs and info into the memory venire. The objectives of memory management are not only to easier for programs to find musculus quadriceps femoris to be cockeyed and passd, as simple as possible, exclusively also to maximize the use to reduce memory waste. There are two kinds of memory management, physical memory management and realistic(prenominal) memory management.Physical memory, known as throng (Random admission price Memory), is a form of dynamic computer storage. grind away allows t he computer to store entropy for quick retrieval and strain triune programs at once. This memory has capacities and types which vary and go forth depend on the computers motherboard.virtual(prenominal) memory on the other overstep, has the work to compensate the lack of b unity needed to run an application or an operation. realistic memory combines the computers RAM and the temporary quadruplet on hard disk together. When RAM runs low, virtual memory will move data from RAM to a space called a leaf file. Then it moves the data to and from the pagination file to sinless up RAM.Physical Memory ManagementPhysical memorymanagement is a memory management technique that uses RAM (Random Access Memory) as its resource to potle all of the processes in the computer. So, all the processes will be divided into small go aways and they will be exciteed into physical memory that later will be processed.System PagingIn System Paging, the operating system or Windows will retrieve the data from secondary storage called as pages, and then Windows will use the paging file as a temporary storage for the memory dump. As the system re hits, Windows will copy the memory dump into a separate file, and then frees the space that was used before. Since Windows Vista onwards, Windows operating system had been correct a lot get out in its physical memory management as in improvements for input-output speed and functioning and more efficient and rough-and-ready memory management. Windows 7 implements a technique related to physical memory management which is called Microsoft SuperFetch.Microsoft SuperFetchMicrosoft SuperFetch is a technology that serve ups Windows to manage the amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) in the machine it runs on more efficiently. SuperFetch was introduced inaugural in Windows Vista and still holds an chief(prenominal) part in Windows 7s physical memory management. A less capable version, called PreFetcher, is included in Windows XP. S uperFetch tries to make sure often- bothered data rump be read from the fast RAM sort of of the abate hard drive.SuperFetch has two goals. The first is, it will decrease boot meter as in SuperFetch will record which data and files need to be accessed at which times, and stores this data in a trace file. During consecutive boots, this discipline is used to make the loading of files start more efficient, resulting in shorter boot times.The Second goal is SuperFetch will make sure the applications that you use the well-nigh will be lactating more efficiently. SuperFetch will also oblige itself to your usage patterns and put it into account. SuperFetch does this by pre-loading your most often used applications in your main memory, base on not only usage patterns, barely also on whenyou use them. For example, if a user has the like process every morning, he will run the Mozilla Firefox and browse the Facebook, SuperFetch will pre-load these into memory in the morning. And the n comes the evening, the routine will be different, like he will run iTunes and plays his playlist, SuperFetch will adapt, and load those in memory instead during the evening.AnalysisMicrosoft SuperFetch notify give memory manager a hand to divide an often used program into priorities. So it will become more responsive and of course save slightly time. Despite on its advantages, SuperFetch has whatsoever limitations. The limitation is that SuperFetch will spend the leftover free memory on a low-priority applications and processes. The effect will occur when the user tries to run a high resolution video or high cognitive operation game, the effects will slow down the computer be creator there are no more or very few free memories left. upshotMicrosoft SuperFetch need to pitch whatever reserved memory for some applications that use up a lot of memory in their processes. SuperFetch should allocate the free memory for the high performance processes also, without neglecting the ex istence of low priority processes in the free memory. It does not befuddle to be balance exactly, but an equal tryst for processes is a must.Virtual Memory ManagementVirtual Memory Management is a memory management technique that is made of various hardware memory devices such as RAM modules and disk storage drives. Virtual memory is used to help physical memory to execute more processes because some pieces of processes are loaded to physical memory and other pieces will be loaded into virtual memory, so physical memory provide handle more processes and will be in ready area at any particular time and also virtual memory can handle a process that whitethorn be larger than physical memory by loading some required pieces and then the rest pieces of processes will be loaded onto virtual memory.Demand pagingDemand paging is one of the virtual memory management technique that load some part of the processes into virtual memory instead of load all part of the processes into physical and virtual memory and later the part of the process from virtual memory will be brought it into physical memory when its need the rest of parts of process. Operating System such as Windows is using demand paging as its virtual management technique but there are some enigmas in managing virtual memory in the demand paging at Windows XP and old versions had and the solutions has been provided by Windows 7. aggregate regale spaceWindows warmness virtual cross space is allocated into 2 sections, which are User anticipate space and Kernel address space. all important(p) resources in Kernel address space are adjusted agree to the operational requirements. The sizes and locations of the resources are included as a management of virtual memory arranged by the operating system.AnalysisIn Windows XP and its preliminary versions, Kernel address space had been allocated statically into some fixed sizes and locations, so it will live with some major problems in case that one or more of the resources oversized than its size allocation. The processes will not work well as usual in result. In Windows Vista and 7, the problems have been overcome by expanding the size and provide the size and location for the resources together. Nowadays, in Windows 7, Kernel address space shares the same space and is no longer divided into some sections. But it still have some limitations, the space is not dynamic equal to handle a very oversized resource. The same result of preceding version of Windows still might be occurred. resolvingKernel virtual address space should be dynamic enough to overcome any possibilities. The user address space is a space that will not be unavailable each time, so it does not mean it cannot be available to handle some oversized-resources problem. The virtual memory space should be dynamic enough to let user address space to share a little space for the Kernel address space.ConclusionWindows 7 uses same techniques in memory management with previous versions of Windows which are System Paging in physical memory management and Demand Paging in virtual memory management. Microsoft develops a technology to help physical memory manager to work more efficient, which is called Microsoft SuperFetch. For the virtual memory manager itself, the allocations of the Kernel address space has been better since the introduction of Windows Vista and better in Windows 7 though it still has some limitations.FAQWhat is Windows 7?Answer is the latest release of Microsoft Windows for use as an operating system on personal computers, including home and busbariness desktops, laptops, netbooks, and tablet PCs.What is the well-being of Microsoft SuperFetch?Answer Microsoft SuperFetch can give memory manager a hand to divide an often used program into priorities. So it will become more responsive and of course save some time.How exactly the virtual memory works?Answer Virtual memory is used to help physical memory to execute more processes because some pieces of processes are loaded to physical memory and it can handle a process that may be larger than physical memory by loading some required pieces and then the rest pieces of processes will be loaded onto virtual memory.Section 2 (Two) MicroprocessorsIntroductionMicroprocessor is the main hotshot of a computer. Microprocessor is also known as the Central Processing social unit ( processor) that has main office to respond to and to generate arithmetical and logical operations. The microprocessor is the heart of any sane computer, whether it is adesktop machine, a laptop, or a server. Microprocessor is a accomplished computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip.The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 which is introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful. But at that time it was rather an invention since everything was on one chip. Even though the 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators, all it could do was to add and subtract. Nowada ys, there have been a lot of improvements in modern microprocessors.This report will cover some areas such as major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design in recent years and differences between microprocessors design goals for laptops, servers, desktops and enter systems.Microprocessor PerformanceSince microprocessor has an important main role in the entire computers work and performance, then it is also important to concern about the performance of the processor itself. As time goes by, performances of microprocessor have always been improved to be better in architecture, faster in speed, smaller in size, and lower in postal code consumption. Microprocessor at this time is built and developed to meet those requirements.In purpose to meet those requirements, there are some measurements and factors that affect microprocessor performance. any(prenominal) of the major trends affecting the microprocessors performance areclock speedMicroprocessors telephone circuit is to process tasks/instructions and executes them. How fast a microprocessor can do its put-on to complete a cycle of task from when its retrieved from itsmemory, determines what actions the instruction requires, and carries out those actions matters because it measures the performance of the microprocessor itself. The clock speed is stated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz), and is a measure of how many instructions the processor can execute in one second. For example, a three Gigahertz (GHz) processor can operate at a rate of three billion cycles per second. The more cycles a processor can handle per second, the faster the clock can pump the current and the better the performance of the microprocessor.Number of CoresNumber of cores will first determine whether it is a single-core microprocessor or multi-cores microprocessor. Multi-cores microprocessor is designed to have more than one core integrated to a single chip. Multi-cores microprocessor allows a involved instruction to be divided into some simple instructions to each of its cores, so that the instructions can be punish faster. Microprocessors such as Intel core i7 and AMD Phenom II X4 are examples of modern multi-core microprocessors.Instruction Set computer architecture (ISA)Instruction set tells how to execute duties and works in the processor. Together with processor architecture will affect performance so it means the better instruction set and processor architecture the better performance of processor will get.Instruction Per Clock (IPC)IPC is the average repress ofinstructions executed for each clock cycle. IPC massively depends on the architectural design of the microprocessor and its number of transistors. A microprocessor with high clock speed is meaningless without IPC. It is pointless to have a fast-speed microprocessor if it can only execute four or 5 instructions.On-Board roll upProcessors have resources to get their data from, which is the computers Random Access Memory (RAM). After the data is retrieved by the processor, it will copy and send it to a cache. The cache acts as a temporary information way station. Nowadays, the architecture of a microprocessor provides an on-board cache which is internal RAM that is built at present into the processor. quite an than requesting data from the RAM continuously, the CPU is allowed to access used data directly from its own on-board memory instead. This way, CPU can access and process data faster and more accurate. Its very effective for the applications that need high performance such as games, video player, etc.Type of Microprocessors for Desktop, Laptop, and ServerDesktopIntel Core i5 (2nd Generation)Intel Core i5 (2nd Generation) is included in the family of Intel Core Processors. It is a newly-developed processor after being preceded by the first generation. Intel Core i5 (2nd Generation) was launched first at January 9th 2011 together with Intel Core i7 (2nd Generation) and are based on Sandy bridge mic roarchitecture, unlike the first generation. This microprocessor has features such as, Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0, a later version which is better at accelerating performance than the first generations version 1.0 Intel HD prowess 3000 that integrates high-performance graphics and media processing on the processor, putting the two components which is CPU processing and graphics on a single chip.Laptop put down Core i5 Mobile (2nd Generation)Intel Core i5 Mobile (2nd Generation) does not have much differences from Intel Core i5 (2nd Generation) except it is designed for laptops so that there will be a difference in its design and architecture that will adapt with the power consumption and energy efficiency. This microprocessor also has the same features like the desktop version, for example Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 and Intel HD Graphics 3000.ServerIntel Xeon E7Intel Xeon E7 is multi-core microprocessor that is targeted for non-customer, server and workstation markets. It has 10 cores processing that enables improved virtualization performance and increasing system utilization. This microprocessor is also based on the newly-developed Sandy Bridge microarchitecture which is up to 17% faster clock-for-clock compared to Nehalem microarchitecture processors of the previous generation.Differences between Microprocessor Design for Desktops, Laptops, Servers, and Embedded SystemsDesktopsDesktop computers can be verbalise as normal media in computer usage. Desktops have advantages in their access to AC electricity as power source. So, theyre become beneficial to users who unavoidableness to utilize the best performance of computer. That is why desktops microprocessors do not have to limit their clock speed and referring to the spaces that desktops have for cooling fans, mania problem will not become an issue.Desktops microprocessors are designed to improve the computers performance. So, they will consume more energy than laptops. But the size of them i s still smaller than microprocessors that are designed for servers.LaptopsLaptops are designed to be used on the go. The criteria are to be flexible so it can be brought anywhere, anytime. So, bombing power is the main source of a laptops life. Other than that, over heating is also a main issue since laptops size that does not provide a large space for cooling fans. These criteria and issues become a consideration of why there must be a differentiation in laptops microprocessors.Laptops microprocessors are designed to minimize the power consumption, so that the battery life could lead as long as possible. In purpose to overcome the heat problem, laptops processors usually have lower clock speed than the desktop version. As the clock speed is lower, the laptops processors may have a lower bus speed as well.Most of the modern mobile microprocessors have some components to the chips, such as wireless networking cards. Desktop microprocessors could have these as well, but the space re quirements of a laptop make these integrated chips way much more popular in laptops.ServersServers must be available and lasting every time. Servers have an important role to store and load important data so everyone in the company can access the server every time. Server microprocessors are designed to overcome issues such as, stability, server uptime, and energy consumption. Servers are usually high-end computer since there are a lot of heavy tasks that needed to be completed. The size of the microprocessors is usually a bit larger than desktops and laptops, regarding to handle the tasks and the electricity consumption. That is also a cause of why server microprocessors will become more sensitive to the heat issue. Overheated- microprocessor will decrease servers performance, so there is another method to fruit care this issue, like putting the server computers in a populate with air conditioners in it to maintain the heat issue.Embedded SystemsEmbedded systems are predefined s ystems that specifically can do one or more functions but they are limited based on the purposes. Embedded system cannot be changed by the end user because in case if that is changed, then the embedded system will not run appropriately. Examples of the embedded systems are such as, handphone, calculator, etc.Embedded system will need the microprocessor based on the functionality that it held, the more functions it held, a more powerful the processor that it will need. This happens because the microprocessor will run a lot of instructions from the user, and it will need a capable microprocessor which can do a lot of processes in a short time. The less function it held, there will be reasons to have such a standard microprocessor to save more energy and proceeds cost.ConclusionMicroprocessor has an important role as the main brain and operates the processes in computer. Without a microprocessor, a computer cannot do anything. That is why the performance of the microprocessor itself b ecomes the main priority for the user. There are some major trends affecting the microprocessor performance, which are clock speed, number of cores, instruction set architecture, instruction per clock, and on board cache.Though its main function is the same, computers type varies because of their purposes. So the type of microprocessors will vary also based on their purposes. Type of microprocessors will have a slight difference between one and another because of the design. There are each design for laptops, desktops, servers, and embedded systems.FAQWhat is microprocessor?Answer Microprocessor is the main brain of a computer. Microprocessor is also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) that has main function to respond to and to generate arithmetical and logical operations. Microprocessor is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip.Which are major factors that affecting microprocessors performance?Answer a. Number of Coresb. Clock Speedc. Instruction Set Architectured. Instruction per Clocke. On-Board CacheHow different are microprocessors for desktops, laptops, and servers?Answer Microprocessors are different in for what purpose the computers are used. Microprocessor for desktops will optimize the performance, for laptops will consider about energy saving and power consumption, and for servers will have more than 6 cores considering the quantities and heaviness of the processes.AppendicesThe picture above is a diagram that shows the division of Kernel address space

Environmental Management Systems In The Genting Group Environmental Sciences Essay

purlieual steering Systems In The Genting classify Environmental Sciences EssayStart from the beginning, the Genting stem gained their greatest reputation and exercise through providing a clean, comfortable, natural environment for every customer who visit their premises/property and they altogether harming it. Its main of the image and icon for everyone when they heard the name of Genting. Therefore, a perpetual rise is important to ensure the in effect(p) name is continuously get from time to time.The Details of the Environmental Management SystemAs a responsible conclave, The Genting Group holds certain keys of interest. wizard of the ethical responsibilities is Environment Sustainability. A program named Environmental Management System is implemented, a four encumbrance ara of interest Conservation of natural resources, Waste management, Prevention of befoulment and Use of renewable muscle.Conservation of natural resources- The Genting Group hires professional consultant to continue energy audit to measure cost-energy efficiency on premises, implementing energy saving instrument and leading Energy Conservation Awareness Seminars to employees from Engineering Department.In year 2009, the company planted a heat recovery system. An argumentation pre-heater is installed and fixed orifice go traps are used to reduce steam loss. Flow restrictors and makeive water system volume reduction program overly implemented to reduce water wastage.The convention has breaked in reality Hour program in year 2009 as a abide, sentiency in environment conservation and reduction on carbon emission. The generalization of sensors on escalators and air-conditioning system helps to reduce power consumption particularly on the off-peak season time.Waste Management- The Group referred 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Concept and Environmental Quality toy 1974 to run the waste management. In 3R, Reduce is done by replenishment energy-efficient equipment on bu ildings to reduce energy wastage and by-product wastage.The used, wasted, flaw-printed paper is reuse to increase the utility and fulfill the Reuse of 3R.Separation of waste according to their physical type by preparation of categories recycle bin helps recycle and the vermin-composting commit of turning food waste into organic fertilizer fertilizer meets Recycle criteria.The other waste give-and-take such as excreta disposal is delivered to treatment plan for biodegrading before release it into the river so that the water source is non contaminated.Prevention of pollution- In order to reduce/prevent pollution on air, water and land, the management has implemented several solutions such as conduct Yearly Sanitary Survey on water supply system, renew diesel powered water pump to electrical powered water pump, replace conventional detergent to biodegradable type detergent in daily cleansing routine to reduce and prevent water contamination.On land pollution issue, recycling the reusable souvenir so that slighter waste is dispose at landfill site. Using biodegradable type item homogeneous biodegradable plastic bags and No Plastic Day hunt down conducted to promote pollution prevention.About the air pollution prevention, installation of pasture density detector and flue gas analysis for boilers, writer sets and incinerators were conduct from time to time according to the Environment Quality Act. The Occupational, Safety and wellness Section started Mentoring political program to ensure that the material use in all premises (Awana Genting Highlands, Awana Langkawi, and Awana Kijal) is complied with Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), Regulation and Occupational Safety and heath (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulation and ISO 14001.Use of renewal energy- Although the group has non yet fully-deploy any renewal energy source, they have the strategic stance for generating electricity by deploying solar pa nel and wind electric generator at the Hillside of Genting Highlands and other Gentings Premises.Plus, the National Objective Strategies from Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and irrigate Malaysia leads the Genting Group looking ways from converting conventional electric supply to renewable energy as substitution in long-term plan.By apply the renewable energy source, the lesser diesel fuel was burned to contri bute electricity. Hence, the carbon emission from diesel burning and green house effect is reduced. The Genting group realized that using renewal energy source not just simply reduce air, noise and water pollution but helps in reduction on operation cost, a win-win situation for both environment and cost-effectiveness.Financial forecasting of Environmental Management SystemAt year 2009, the Genting Group has spent RM23.5 zillion on the Properties, Plant and Equipment (PPE) improvement under Environmental Management System. These include Freehold Building improvements, Plant, Equipment and Vehicles.Advantages of Environmental Management SystemThough EMS, the negative effects of the telephone circuit operation such as waste production, emission from fossil fuel burning, air-water-soil pollution arse be minimize effectively. Lesser energy requirement from the buildings proves energy saving, less heat production and helps to reduce green house effect. The production of organic fertilizer too helps to reduce maintenance cost and protects the soil from chemical contamination.Disadvantages of Environmental Management SystemThe expenses for implementing EMS at the early stage are very huge and the investors wont able to benefit in short period. For example, the infrastructure for developing renewal energy plan is very expensive, especially the Solar Panel. Time and management stress too is unavoidable and error might frequently occur. More and more professional talents were needed to provoke and bring the company to the front-line of innovation. Ho wever, hiring these professionals require a huge budget.External Program- portion to the Betterment of the gildThe importance of contribution to the betterment of the nineGenting group is always interested to make an effort in creating a healthier, happier society which already highlighted in their philosophy. This is because of a severe, healthy society comes from good batch and the achievement that Genting has closely related to the local anesthetic anesthetic communities. From people to people, the Genting group does devising contribution all the time to the locals as a return. Therefore, the group has on the job(p) on several projects and activities to refine it.The Details of contribution to society and almsgiving eventsLocal Communities- the Genting group has put concentration on helping local communities to improve quality of living, they work with several charity group such as Womens Aid Organization, Malaysian Pediatrics Foundation, Alzheimer Disease Foundation, Hos pis Malaysia, Malaysian liver-colored Foundation, Gujerati Association, Tunku Azizah Fertility Foundation, St. John Ambulance and Red Cross Society.Also, the Genting group joined with the Ministry of fascinate Malaysia, Ministry of Education Malaysia, Road Safety Department and Road Safety pose Club to conduct a safety campaign to teach the youngsters close to the importance of safety awareness. These included 4.5K primary school students of Malaysia attended, educated about road safety practices and all of them were gifted with a SIRIM-approved safety helmet.One of the Gentings agencies, the Awana Langkawi organized a public health check for local communities on Health Day and safety talk on Safety and life history hebdomad.On the other side, at Malaysia the group established GENM We sell afternoon team, Awana We Care Team, Awana Kijal We Care Team and Awana Porto Malai We Care Team to encourage all of the employees join community attend to. These included conduct cleaning, food supply, provide repairing and maintenance service for the charity groups like Badan Amal Nur Zaharah, Selangor Family Aid Association, Ampang Old Folks rest home, Pusat Kebajikan Serendah .At England, the Genting Group is helping the communities by providing education on responsible gambling do research on prevention and treatment of gambling problem. The Genting group has brocaded a investment firm in order to support the Great or Gambling Research, Education and Treatment Foundation they too help the internal charities to do inventory raising activities.OKU (Disability Group) the unfortunates the Genting group too cares about the incapacitate people, especially those who are poor, hidden under the eyes of the society.In Malaysia, with the volunteering support from employees, the guests and The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf at Wisma Genting, the Wisma Genting Charity Week was conducted. The entire collected fund donated to the four charity organizations The United Voice, The Cheshire Home Selangor, The Hope Worldwide and The Harvest ticker.On the other hand, the group has hosted festival themed charity party on festive season such as fairytale Christmas Party for unfortunate children and elder citizens and two Hollywood smash hit movies were screened for the children as well. All the collection was handled to the 67units welfare homes and non-organizations.In Singapore, the Genting group plant life with the local charity groups to raise fund for the under-privileged children. These charity groups are included ST School Pocket Money Fund, Mendaki, Sinda and CDAC.Education Sports- Educational Sports are always play important role in shaping a good society. Therefore, Genting group has donated about half a million ringgit to Malaysian ground of Management on built a modern, advance and sophisticated subroutine library or Genting pick Centre. At sports, the group has sponsored certain sports event like Le Tour De Langkawi, King of Mountain (KOM), J unior Development Program of Selangor Tennis Association, sponsorship to Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) which won the FAA Suzuki Cup recently and the Pahang ice hockey Association.Culture Art- the Genting group collaborate with the Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture of Malaysia to promote Cuti-Cuti Malaysia, the local tourism, local culture and arts like Orkestra Simfoni Remaja or youth symphony Orchestra to let the youngsters have a platform to perform and brighten their talent. Youth Symphony Orchestra is a sub-program under a program named Pusat Muzik Budaya or Centre of Cultural Music.Also, the group has organized World Championship of Arts acting at Time Square, First World Plaza, Merdeka Stage and Outdoor authorship Park of Genting in year 2009.With collaboration from The Strait Times (Singapore) and The business line Times (Singapore), the group hosted their very first event, Child Aid at the Festive Grand Theatre of Genting. They had successfull y collected more than a million S$ to help the poor and unfortunates.Financial Forecasting/achievement of the Genting Groups ContributionSo far, the Genting Group has sponsored about RM500K on education facility, the Genting Resource Center. About the disability group, the Genting Group too has contributed at least RM360K to the underprivileged and disabled people (OKU). The festive event, ChildAid has collected more than a million S$ to help the poor, unlucky children. In year 2009, S$30,000 fund has risen for the ST School Pocket Money Fund and S$20,000 fund raiser for Singapore Red Cross Society. The Coffee Bean Tea Leaf too joined in donate RM1 for each drinkable they sold at the outlet during Wisma Genting Charity Week.The Advantages of Contribution to the Betterment of the SocietyThough contribution and charity for society, the Genting group is not simply a profit-gaining entity but group that able to show their caring and responsibility for the society. The group acts as a role model of the social-caring entrepreneur in the business world. More and more customers willing to spare their fortune at the Genting Berhad as they knew that part of the money they spend benefits the society.The Disadvantages of Contribution to the Betterment of the SocietySo far contribution to the betterment of the society is always a good intention. However, these acts may not agree and acceptable by some investors. On their opinion, charity works is regarded as a non-profit, non-benefit action especially in the capitalist-economy. They might withdraw their investment and plant it to other company.

Rehabilitation, Treatment, and the Management of Offenders: Can Punishment Cure?

refilling, Treatwork forcet, and the Management of Offenders deal Punishment Cure?AbstractThis paper bequeath discuss how the authors of iii particular articles, Megan blow, Mona Lynch, Kelly Hannah-Moffat and Paula Maurutto, interpret the reconstructive mathematical processes for sorry offenders. The authors arguments of who is responsible for this re mixed bagation turn widely. in that respect ordain be a brief summary of each authors argument and the essay will conclude in explain which authors argument is most statewide in explaining who the responsibility of replacement falls on.Key words Punishment, Rehabilitation, Rhetoric, ResponsibilityThe outmatch S fifty-fifty days I Coulda Done The Reconstruction of Im prison housement as RehabilitationBy Megan ComfortThe Best S fulfil down Years I Coulda Done by Megan Comfort is active the replenishment process incurd by many low-income men in the United States. Rehabilitation is specify as restoring someone to a us eful role in guild (Rehabilitation, 2009). Comfort says that the men who atomic number 18 incarcerated in California turn to prison as a way to achieve healthier relationships and to improve themselves. Since replenishment programs atomic number 18 scarce, the separateisticistic becomes responsible for their own improvement. We venture tooth bet that race report making the best of their situation even when there argon non sufficient programs available to assistant them land clean. just we basin see that the lack of these programs can be a risk towards reoffending. heretofore though there are some programs available, the offenders claim that these programs lack anomity and would alternatively spend their time behind bars because they are able to prepare inclinations that they want to achieve once they are released. Thus, the responsibility of reclamation is shifted on to the individual, and we can question if the role that battle cry cistrons play is of any s ubstance at all. Comfort also materializes that these men engage in a period of acting as if their experience in the penitentiary is in effect(p) in preparing them for re-entry into orderliness. However, after these men are in fact released from the penitentiary, they score the negative repercussion of non efficaciously be restored. In contrast, rehabilitative treatment in the forms of therapy, problem learn, and education can show much than to a greater extent favourable outcomes for an individual organism reintegrated back into society.Rehabilitation as Rhetoric The Ideal of Reformation in Contemporary Parole cover and PracticesBy Mona LynchMona Lynch talks about the shifts in the answer of free throughout history. She marks three strong changes in parole history in which each era has a different thinking on who is responsible to improve the parolee. The three eras of parole are label thus the disciplinary era, clinical era, and the managerial era. Lynch discusses the first ii as being a feature responsibility of the state, community, and the individual to back up them become normalized into society. In the third era, she states that the responsibility is shifted on to the parole agent and the offender to help him improve. We can see that there is a shared out responsibility. Lynch goes on to say that there is little investment couch into rehabilitative measures and programs to assist the parolee to improve. In conclusion we can see that the issues that the agent would help the individual with are actually being address as the poor choices of the individual, and while there are programs in shoes to help fix the poor choices the individual has made, they are actually use as coercive tools against the parolee. We can see that the rhetoric of rehabilitation is evince as placing unnaturalistic demands on the individual to normalize themselves, and if he does non succeed it is considered their own fault, and the agents are able to use c oercion when they call back it is necessary to protect society from deviant behavior.Shifting and Targeted Forms of Penal boldness Bail, Punishment and Shifting and narrow CourtsBy Kelly Hannah-Moffatt and Paula MauruttoShifting and Targeted Forms of Penal regime by Hanna Moffat and Paula Maurutto discusses rehabilitation in Canadian specialized courtrooms. They state that rehabilitation today is much different from the past. Throughout the history of the iniquitous jurist outline, rehabilitation took on the invention of providing therapy to the individual offender, however today it operates on two levels. The first is to provide therapy to the offender through job training and counselling and the second purpose of rehabilitation is to exercise control. The latter purpose can be seen as being intrusive. The criminal justice system is combining rehabilitation and punishment as a punitive measure. They signal that rehabilitation does non serve a single purpose tho it is bin ary. In conclusion we can see that rehabilitation is very messy because it is some(prenominal) a combination of punishment and therapy and also takes the role of being coercive and controlling.The Responsibility of RehabilitationRehabilitation has shifted in form throughout history and has gone from being therapeutic to taking on a controlling and coercive appearance. Many people deal about which form of rehabilitation is most effective but the purpose of rehabilitation is to depend out why an individual committed a crime, and focus on those aspects to foster a permanent change. It is part of a larger modernity. There are many articles about who should take on the responsibility of rehabilitation and through this analysis I will outline how the authors Megan Comfort, Mona Lynch, Hanna Moffatt and Paula Maurutto write about the subject. Then I will conclude with which author presents the most comprehensive argument for who should take on rehabilitation responsibility. To begin wi th, Mona Comfort says that slammer fails to restore an individual back into society because the prison system does not have programs in place which could assist the offenders in becoming normalized into society. She says that the prison whole serves the purpose of being a primary means of aid access where these men who are denied social welfare are nowadays able to get a hold of it within the penitentiary (Comfort, 2008). These men act as if the prison will help them re-enter society because they are able to establish goals that they want to achieve. However, soothe studies show that tens of thousands of released prisoners who retrogress and reoffend are a blunt testimony that the California Department of subject area or Rehabilitation is wearing very few rehabilitative robes (Comfort, 2008). Even though men take that the prison will take on them clean, studies prove that they more often than not will reoffend because the programs to help them become normalized in put as ide were non-existent or inadequate.In contrast, Mona Lynch writes that rehabilitation is more present in penitentiaries than Comfort would argue. She states that although rehabilitation has changed into being more managerial, it still holds onto some past ideologies so we can go to at it as merely re-invented. It is holding the old rhetoric but doing it in different or modern ways. In the past it took on a therapeutic form but today it is binary in being both therapeutic and coercive. In her opinion, rehabilitation is a feature responsibility of both the offender and the parole agent, but there is more emphasis on the offender wanting to improve. She also writes that rehabilitation appears meaning(a) for the agency to portray to a number of audiences, including the public, the clients, and the agents responsible for putting goals into actions. The freight however does not extend past this rhetoric (Lynch, 2000). Finally, Hannah-Moffat and Maurutto see rehabilitation in a differ ent form than Comfort, but somewhat standardized to Lynch. They see rehabilitation motivated by therapeutic and preventative goal and they rely on relationships with community groups to create a range of interactions with the court and the offender (Hannah-Moffat Maurutto, 2012). The way that rehabilitation has shifted from being just therapeutic, thence to coercive, and then into a meshing of the two, is a new feature of the Canadian criminal justice system. They write that rehabilitation is a shared responsibility, and it extends beyond the prison. It takes the combine efforts of professionals and the community to work in concert to re-integrate an individual back into society. One can also argue that this type of rehabilitation would be fairer in toll of desire the best program to treat the specific involve of the offender, and will be more successful in reintegrating them into society as a result. In Maurutto and Moffatts argument, rehabilitation is able to be a life-changi ng experience rather than just an effort to change a psyches deviant personality.In conclusion we see there is a magnetic declination in the arguments presented by Comfort, Lynch and Maurutto and Moffat. However, in my opinion I believe that the latter two authors who argue that the state and community should work together to make the individual more responsible is more comprehensible than the former(a) two arguments. Although Comfort states that the responsibility falls on the offender, studies show that they will risk reoffending if left to their own devices. This does not then seem realistic to make the individual responsible for their own rehabilitation, because the purpose of punishment is to admonish an action that deviates from the societal norms. She also argues that the prison does not offer programs and even when they do that theyre counting on you not to use them (Comfort, 2008). or else the state decides to spend $35, 587 a year to imprison an offender, forgetting th at they could use those gold to re-integrate the offender. The individual is made responsible and they leave the prison with no special skills or information to help him enter society (Comfort, 2008). It is therefore not effective to not make the state responsible because the individual cannot find a job on his own and he is left seeking the criminal justice system to help him get clean, but this only provides him with temporary access to social welfare.On the other hand, Lynchs argument that there is a shared responsibility between the parole agent and the offender is more comprehensive and potentially effective than Comforts because there is an external assistance system set up to rehabilitate the offender. There is also the implementation of punitive punishments. The reason why Comforts argument in making the individual responsible does not bode well is because you cannot expect someone who is deviant to be responsible. However with parole agents taking on part responsibility, it seems more likely that rehabilitation will have a greater success rate. Lynch argues that in the past, parole served the purpose of being therapeutic and today it takes on both therapeutic and coercive roles. This is more of an effective argument because the purpose of jail is to punish as well as to help them get back into society. The new era of parole is more effective because the state is defend society from risky offenders while helping them get back to being normal and productive in society. In conclusion, this model is not wholly casting off a segment of the population, rather crime punishment and disciplinary action are working together to make combined efforts to help make the offender responsible (Lynch, 2000).However, the argument made my Hannah-Moffat and Maurutto offers an even more comprehensive argument for who should hold the responsibility to rehabilitate the individual. They argue that rehabilitation happens the present moment you are charged, and since there are specialized community groups working with the offender, they are able to address the underlying holistic needs of the offender in order to ensure successful completion of a treatment program (Hannah-Moffat Maurutto, 2012). Conventional courts are criticized for failing to address effectively chronic social programs which is why if the specialized courts take the responsibly they are better equipped to target specific needs (Hannah-Moffat Maurutto, 2012). The whole process of how best to rehabilitate specific cases and individuals would begin the moment the charged person entered the courtroom and would not wait until they entered jail itself. Each method starts rehabilitation at a different time in the individuals interaction with the criminal justice system, but in the third one it starts from the beginning the moment the individual is charged. This is almost more of a preventative style of rehabilitation and a hybrid.In conclusion, using Hannah-Moffat Mauruttos ideas on th e responsibility to rehabilitate an offender being shared between specialized courts, community programs and the individual is better because it takes on preventative therapeutic practices but they have not eroded the traditional form of punishment (Hannah-Moffat Maurutto, 2012). The opportunity to participate in these programs is beneficial for the parolee because their charges may be withdrawn, or they may get an absolute or conditional discharge (Hannah-Moffat Maurutto, 2012). This seems more effective because the courts are working together to normalize the offender and this allows them to not have the score of being a criminal. The offender can find a job without the trouble of their record following them. Therefore having specialized courts and therapeutic programs, and the individual work together to help rehabilitation is more comprehensive compared to having an individual take on full responsibility or having the state take on sole responsibility. Working individually, n either party can be trusted to make the right or rational choices for the prisoners, thus a binary response is needed for joint liability and oversight.ReferencesMegan Comfort (2008). The Best Seven Years I Coulda Done The Reconstruction of immurement as Rehabilitation. In Pat Carlen, Imaginary Penalties, Cullompton, Devon Willan. Pp. 252-274. Coursepack.Mona Lynch (2000). Rehabilitation as Rhetoric The Ideal of Reformation in Contemporary Parole treatment and Practices. Punishment Society 2(1) 40-65. Stable URL.Kelly Hannah-Moffat and Paula Maurutto (2012). Shifting and Targeted Forms of Penal Governance Bail, Punishment, and Specialized Courts. Theoretical Criminology 16(2) 201-219. Stable URL.Rehabilitation. (2009). Retrieved from http//www.thefreedictionary.com/rehabilitation

How organizations manage resistance to change

How organisations manage confrontation to neuterSevere belligerent and economic pressures that make-ups face now were unthinkable a few decades ago. In order to shed excess costs and to respond more nimbly to customers and competitors, they be being urged to adopt b atomic number 18-assed organisational tracks, tightened inter organisational linkages and modifyd focussing practices (cf. Miles and Snow 1980, Johnston and Lawrence, 1988). Any tilt in organization is followed by a kind of resistor from its employees. In this assignment a few methods that git be employd to overcome deviate in the organization argon described.Technology developments, social and demographic shifts, competition of changing market and economic issues, tend an organization to implement flip in it as well. The rapid and dynamic adjustment in market has add consumerism. Whether it is an automobile industry or cosmetic industry or IT industry, consumer today has lots of choices these days t hat they learn non have got to wait for lasting for any product. This changing market scenario imparts a message to managing bodies that the style of lock should also modification with the changing market. From passenger vehicleial point of view a change is referred to as change in go bad pattern, work scrap and work culture inside the working atmosphere. win over is normally a reaction to changing commercial, technological, economical, structural and strategic environment in which the federation operates (Barbara Senior, Organizational Change). For example departmentalization, job redesign, implementation of an international division are the examples of structural changes whereas work fulfiles, methods and equipments are technological changes.Change should be welcomed as it hindquarters produce positive benefits for the singulars, bring opportunities for individualal change and development, reduces tediousness of work, provides new challenges and an opportunity t o participate and shape the outcome. But unfortunately as change is accompanied by tube, it is actually important that the Change conductor anticipate and plan strategies for dealing with resistance not only at the introduction of change but also for monitoring the change over long term (Ronald, G and Smith, J 1995). It is facilitative to understand why sight resist change, because understanding this allows us to plan strategies to reduce resistance from the beginning. Kotter and Schlesinger identified the basic reasons of resistance to change are communication cattle ranch and inadequate info that creates misunderstanding, sense of insecurity, different assessment of situation and noise over advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, individuals are more concerned with the implications for themselves (Management by Robbins and Coulter).Organizations do not change, individuals do. No matter how large is the project you are taking on, the winner of project ultimately lies with ea ch employee doing their work differently multiplied across all of employees impacted by the change (Web 1). Individual barriers to change include- customs duty and set expressive styles loyalty to existing relationships failure to accept the sine qua non for change insecurity preference for the existing arrangements break up of work groups different person ambitions fear of power skills and income inability to perform as well in the new situation as for example, when quality promise methods based on statistical models were introduced into manufacturing units, the quality control department have to learn the new methods. Some may fear that they will be ineffective to do so and may develop negative locating towards the change or perform poorly if required to use the new methods. Some successions change is resisted because of failures in the way it is introduced to the employees and the management fails to explain the need for change and its future benefits. Poor employer relat ions, lack of involvement in act upon and failure to offer support and training for the introduced change are the another(prenominal) reasons for change resistance (Web 2).Resisting change takes many forms (Web 3) and the more obvious form is of active resistance, objection and refusal to cooperate with the change occurs. Sometimes, resistance appears to be individual and roughlytimes it is netly situational. It may be passive in which colleagues tot up to a change but are unwilling or unable to implement something new. This subtle form of resistance is dealt with more difficulty. For example, at a staff meeting either integrity agrees to follow a new procedure, but afterward several weeks it is being discovered that the procedure has not been implemented yet. other example of this kind is the introduction of new computers at the new practice but virtually no unitary is using them for the purpose for which they are intended, since the staff had their own machines. The empl oyee consents to change by agreeing to it but later he only changes to appear cooperative, but in fact he is doing more or less things the way he was before the change.At the moment the change broadcast is announced, many employees will employ tactics to protect themselves, their turf, and ultimately their charge in the organization.Some will aggressively challenge the necessity for change. This is a time waster and thus prevents critical objectives from being met. Every person who facilitates the change process moldiness work diligently to build consensus. The employee must be assured that every idea is worth considering. If anyone argues, he or she jackpot be asked to explain why he or she feels the way they do and ask for three or four suggestions for making the process work.Some managers and members of the leading team will avoid change by passively refusing the commitment to the process. Often these leaders will resist the change effort by being unavailable for meetings, denying resources, or withholding feedback. The leadership is a particularly difficult foe, because change efforts often require the use of resources managed by the leadership, such as time and money. Without these resources change efforts are liable(predicate) to fail. Accountability with consequences is the primary means for assuring leadership participation. Many employees and organizational leaders search for private or professional diversions during the change process that will ultimately hinder the effort. A distracted individual can undermine the change effort by not being acquaint physically or mentally when his or her critical input is needed. non being mindful of change creates an unnecessarily difficult experience for every member of the team. Such carelessness calls to mind the wasted energy expended when one runs against the wind. Change efforts provide an opportunity for every one affected to up skillful a new place in the organization or crystalise a decision t o seek a better fit elsewhere. tidy sum Hultman argues that while no-one is a perfect change agent, managers have to be spick role models for bringing up a successful change. The essential attributes of such a person include the ability to be a clear thinker who is able to get a view about organizational situation and reach at logical conclusions. Hultman suggests few things in creating the right environment for change to occur. Firstly we must do things to establish a positive climate (p172) and secondly we must attempt to create environmental conditions that encourage an interest in improvement. Managers must demonstrate that how changes will improve employees circumstances and that there are opportunities in the change such as enabling colleagues to increase their knowledge and skills leading to genuine achievements and progress They must cultivate a value for collaborative working among staff and colleagues need each other to complete their tasks, it is easier to develop values of co-operation and mutuality. Whatever are the circumstances management must stay calm. At the heart of Hultmans analysis is a set of humanistic values along with an boldness that one cannot even hope to influence another colleague without first of all demonstrating that they will have their needs met in some way. It is likely to be counterproductive by getting impatient, exasperated and angry.Being a change manager it is his/her duty to reduce the resistance towards change and towards change and to increase the enthusiasm and level of commitment for the change. While likely to encounter the peck who resist change, people who welcome change will also be encountered and by knowing the reasons for their acceptance to change, the communication plan will be better formulated. People will accept change when they see adventure that they will gain something from the change. The gain may be either personal like, money increased job security status self satisfaction less effort and ti me and gain in better personal contact or other like it provides new challenges, likeness of the source, step-down in boredom etc.In order to reduce resistance to change, the manager should involve people affected by change, actively seeking their thoughts and reactions to proposed changes. They must develop a proper attitude towards resistance to change and realize that it is neither good nor bad. The best way to minimize resistance to change is to involve those responsible for implementing it and those affected by it. People are more motivated towards successful completion when they feel that they are the cherished participants in planning and implementing the change. Also ensure that people from all the levels of organization are involved in planning the change process and they should be listened carefully. In the early stages, manager should not launch into lengthy diatribes justifying the change as people are not interested in that. They trust to be heard and have their conc erns attended to. They must recognize that it takes time to work through reactions to change. Then people should be engaged in dialogue about the change. They should do this only after understanding the specialised concerns of others completely. Change must be naturalistic, achievable and measurable.Communication and education is helpful method to sort out the things when resistance is due to lack of information or inappropriate information and analysis. Though time consuming, this method provides huge employee support if persuaded. When cause of resistance is difficulty in adjustment to changes, management support and facilitation do work at times. This is expensive and still perfidious way to overcome the change. Manipulation of some information is necessary some times in order to avoid negative reactions by the employee. The people that easily accept changes and get adapted to changing atmosphere can set an example for others and hence they follow the suit. Therefore, they sho uld be the first target area of change program.Three basic steps- planning, implementation, and evaluation of outcomes of both the plan and implementation are involved in the change process. Resistance to change should be dealt ideally with planning and early stages of implementation. For proper planning for change, a manager must consider about how and when the change is needed and the way it should be communicated to the employees for their better support. Managers should pay attention to the focus of change, the amount of change, and the rate of change in order to implement change. Evaluation of outcomes of change is also very important as all the change efforts are result oriented. If change is not monitored, its effectiveness cannot be measured. This can be done by collecting data and comparing the results against original goals.To wind up at the end of an interesting discussion we can conclude that a grade of resistance is normal since change is disruptive and stressful but in general, most people have mixed reactions towards purposed change, so the change agents can be helpful in highlighting the positive aspects in realistic manner. Although most people feel comfortable with minor changes, no one can live and work by yesterdays reality. Managers must reduce change in very effective, meaningful and healthy way without hurting the sentiments of the employees. By providing resources to support the changes, allowing enough time and flexibility and with the widespread commitment of people throughout the organization, change efforts will succeed.(2) Hultman, K. (1998), Making Change Irresistible Overcoming resistance to change in your organisation, Davies-Black Publishing, Palo Alto

Solicitors in the 19th Century Essays -- Solicitor

The nerve center Man Solicitors in the 19 th CenturyI wee been, Eugene, upon the honourable roll of solicitors of theHigh Court of Chancery, and attorneys at Common right . . .--Charles Dickens, Our Mutual FriendThe Profession * There were two partes of the statutory employment - barristers, and attorneys and solicitors. Solicitors usually dealt with landed estates and attorneys advised parties in lawsuits. The two roles combined and the raise solicitor was adopted (The Law Society). The attorney or solicitor was the widely distributed legal adviser and attended to all the paperwork and collected the evidence. He dealt with legal matters on behalf of his client such as the drawing up of wills, invest instruments, marriage contracts, and conveyances of land (Eurolegal Services). In Society * Beginning in the nineteenth century, the bar became a referral profession members of the bar did not deal instanter with members of the public but took their instructions only fro m solicitors (Eurolegal Services). * C. W. Brooks suggests that the lower branch (legal professions be...

Literary Comparison Of A Clock Essay -- essays research papers

A Literary Comparison OfA Clockwork orange and The CrucibleThe existence of evil in the world is a world(a) question that is often contemplated. Anthony Burgess and Arthur moth miller in their novels A Clockwork orange tree and The Crucible address this question of evil. One of these stories is set in the future, and the other(a) in the past confirming the belief that the human struggle amongst good and evil is timeless and applies to either person in society. end-to-end history numerous examples of leaders squander attempted to fake the nature of people within their society through systems of punishment and reward. This system had failed endlessly to control the entire population because people still retain their susceptibility to shoot. It is said that once a person loses his scanty will, he ceases to be a person. This is the struggle confronting the protagonists in both A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible. The fifteen-year h mavenst-to-goodness rebel Alex and the r espected farmer crapper Proctor refuse to set to the rules of their oppressive societies, and as a result are denied the freedom to choose between good and evil, whence becoming less than human. two Alex and John Proctor live in highly oppressive societies from which they feel alienated, and therefore decide to rebel against. The futuristic setting of A Clockwork Orange is one of a constructive, depersonalized society where the government has far too much control over people&8217s lives. They are forced to live in strictly regimented communities, and their daily life is dreary. &8220Alex&8217s England is a socialised nightmare. (De Vitis, 106) It is because of this meaningless life that Alex chooses to rebel against his society, committing so many brutal acts of forcefulness that he soon becomes desensitized to the horror he is creating. When questioned by his correctional ships officer as to why he acts this way, Alex replies &8220&8230badness is of the self, the one, the you or me. They of the government and the adjudicate and the schools cannot allow badness because they cannot allow they self&8230 what I do, I do because I like to do it. (Burgess, 34) Alex fully Bisson 2realizes that the controlled society he lives is one that tries to eliminate all individuality. This causes him to act out in military group against authority as a means o... ... since it is the only way he will be allowed to remain true to himself. Proctor realizes that life without free will is a subhuman existence and not worth living. Both Alex and john, unable to choose between pay off and wrong for themselves, cease to have a normal existence, and both choose death over a life without choice. This is the only way they have of affirming their humanity.Both Anthony Burgess and Arthur Miller believe that it is more important to remain true to oneself then to perpetually choose good over evil. They show a person essential maintain their free will in order to function in good o rder as a human being. They prove this in their works A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible by showing the negative things which befall the protagonists when their right to choose is taken from them. Basically, a free will is essential to every human being, and to take it away is to dehumanize an individual. The two novels function as notable warnings to those that would sacrifice their individuality to please authorities. In addition, they remind the reviewer that what makes a person is their ability to choose, and so it is necessary that people be allowed that choice.

Dmitri Shostakovich and the Soviet State Essay -- Soviet History

Dmitri Shostakovich was peerless of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century. He achieved fame, yet with much hardship along the way. He was censored and threatened with non only his life but that of his wife and children by playing the theatrical role of a public figure in Soviet Russia. The question is was he a committed communist or a victim? The events in his life, good or bad, shaped the practice of medicine that he created and led to one of the greatest symphonies of the 20th century, his Fifth Symphony.Born in Saint Petersburg, Russia on September 25, 1906, Shostakovich was the second of three children born to Dmitri Boleslavovich Shostakovich and Sofiya Vasilievna Kokoulina. His father was of Polish lineage but both his parents were Siberian natives. Dmitri was a child prodigy as a pianist and composer. He began taking piano lessons from his mother at the age of nine. He dis vie an incredible talent to remember what his mother had played at the previous lesson and would get caught pretending to read the music, playing the music from his last lesson instead of what was placed in front of him.In 1919, at the age of thirteen, he was allowed to enter the Petrograd Conservatory in Saint Petersburg and analyze piano with Leonid Nikolayev. Because the conservatory was poorly funded, it did not have heat the students had to gain coats, hats and gloves constantly only taking off their gloves when composing. Because of these poor living conditions Dmitri substantial tuberculosis of the lymph glands in spring 1923 and had to have an operation. Nevertheless, he completed his closing piano examinations at the conservatory in June with his neck still bandaged. Shostakovich, though very intelligent and talented, was seen as immature in his fin... ...alled.Works CitedBurkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A history of western music. 8th ed. New York W. W. Norton, 2010. Print.Fanning, David. Shostakovich studies. Ca mbridge Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.Hurwitz, David, and Dmitri Dmitrievich Shostakovich. Shostakovich symphonies and concertos an owners manual. Pompton Plains, N.J. Amadeus , 2006. Print.Norris, Christopher. Shostakovich, the man and his music. Boston M. Boyars, 1982. Print.Volkov, Solomon, and Antonina W. Bouis. Shostakovich and Stalin the pyrotechnic relationship between the great composer and the brutal dictator. New York Knopf, 2004. Print.David Fanning and Laurel Fay. Shostakovich, Dmitry. orchard Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 14 Apr. 2012 .

Braham Stokers Dracula and The Distrust Between the Sexes Essay

genus genus Dracula and The Distrust in the midst of the Sexes Unpleasant experiences with the opposite sex seem to be unavoidable (Horney 342). This paraphrase from Karen Horneys essay The Distrust Between the Sexes seems to be discussing Dracula. Though her essay, (a lecture in the beginning given to the Germans Women Medical Association in November 1930), does not mention Dracula directly, the points that she argued can be transposed onto Bram Stokers Dracula. In her essay, Horney asserts that men are rattling concerned with self-preservation, and also that men have an innate fear of women in fountain positions and therefore do what they can to prevent women from obtaining power positions, these both points are applicable to Dracula. Karen Horney observes that because of our instinct for self-preservation, we all have a earthy fear of losing ourselves in another person (340). This is evident in Dracula when Lucy knows that her bad dreams (Stoker 109) come at night so she has the pain of sleeplessness, or the pain of the fear of sleep (Stoker 132). She has the fear that if she sleeps Dracula will issue and cause her to lose herself. Stokers Dracula character defies Horneys above statement, presumably because he is not human. He has a heart that knew sic no fear and no remorse (302). However, the self-preservation clause still applies. He was very(prenominal) adamant in his desire to study John Harker, in order that he could exonerate as a native Londoner. Harker realized his place in the Counts plan, go staying at the castle. Harker says this was the being I was helping to transfer to London, where, he might, amongst its sufficient millions, satiate his lust for blood, and create a new and ever siding circle of semi-demons to batten o... ...e processes? (348). Though Dracula was written a overflowing 30 years before Horneys essay, it is most fascinating re-analyzing the novel afterward having read the essay. We can see Horneys two assertio ns (that men are very concerned with self-preservation, and than men have an innate fear of women in power positions) come to life in Dracula. She even mentions vampires in her essay (343), that it is a different context shes not referring to Stokers novel. These two works, analyzed together, shew a most engaging gothic classic that much much interesting. Works Cited Horney, Karen. The Distrust Between the Sexes. A World of Ideas Essential Readings for College Writers. fifth ed. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 1998. 337-351. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. (London 1897) introduction by George Statde. New York Bantam Books, 1981.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

A Dolls HouseBy Henrik IbsenDramatic follow-upThe PsPerson Nora, Torvald Helmers wife, and mother of Ivar, Bob, and Emmy.Peculiar trait On the surface Noras peculiar trait seems to be her coercion for money. Her internal peculiar trait is that she desires to become significant to her maintain. She spends money on material objects to decorate their billet and dress up the family. The impression of the home appears perfect, like a dollys house.Passion Noras heating system is to be a real human and not be contrived towards herself, her family, or her husband. She wants to be accepted and human like the rest of the world, and she tries to interpret a way to make this possible. When (Nora) lived with Papa, he used to tell me everything, so that I never had any(prenominal) opinions but his. And if I did have any of my own, I kept them quiet, because he wouldnt have like them. Since childishness Nora has not been able to express her own feelings. She has bottled everything up ins ide, and she has a cult to open up and show her true self. Problem Norma has been a doll all her life. She has taken on others problems and kept her thoughts and feelings all to herself. It is now conviction for Norma to explain herself and deal with the facts. Norma forged her fathers signature on an I.O.U for two hundred and fifty pounds. She tries to do anything she can so her husband will not find tabu. Her husband just received a job at the bank therefore, he could easily find out about the fo...

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay: Nature of War :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

any Quiet on the Western Front Nature of War In the books whole Quiet on the Western Front by Erich mare Remarque and The Wars by Timothy Findley, there is clear evidence of the nature of war. With every the efforts of preparation, discipline, and anticipation, false hopes were created for the young individuals, who leave the competitivenessfields with numerous emotional and physical scars. The propaganda and disciplinal training to convince nave young men to go to battle to fight for their country, the death of their comrades, and the physical breakdown are all segment of twentieth century warfare. Paul Baumer is the main character in All Quiet on the Western Front, and Robert Ross is the main character in The Wars. some(prenominal) boys were at a very young age when they were exposed to serviceman War 1. The war was getting worse as the days went by, and the soldiers were expiry quickly. The commanding officers felt it was ruff to convince young men to disgrace the w ar to support and fight for their country. They were not told whom they were really fighting for, or the cause. In Pauls case, Germany was under attack from many sides, and it was best for him to head for the front lines and defend his fatherland. Paul was almost brainwashed and was exclusively convinced that he was doing the right thing. Once it was different. When we went to the district commandant to enlist, we were a class of twenty young men, many of whom proudly shaved for the send-off time before going to the barracks. We had no definite plans for our future. Our thoughts of a calling and occupation were as yet of too unpractical a character to bestow any scheme of life. We were still crammed full of vague ideas which gave to life, and to the war besides an ideal and almost romantic character. We were trained in the army for ten weeks and in this time more profoundly influenced than by ten historic period at school (Remarque 25). However, in Roberts case, he felt una ttended by his family, and sought refuge in the war as a way of escaping his family and the death of his sister. Robert envied him because he could go away when this was over and reverberate himself with space. (It was then, perhaps, the first inkling came that it was time for Robert to join the army (Findley 24).

An Analytical Approach to Truth and Religion Essay -- Philosophy Relig

An Analytical Approach to Truth and ReligionABSTRACT I discuss rough of the chores of the application of the notion of law to religion. After preliminary remarks on the problem called lawfulness and religion to show the peculiarity and the actuality of the problem discussed, I examine the different meanings of the notions of truth and religion, in hostelry to modernize or so comments on the different concepts of the truth of religion. I name the master(prenominal) types of religious truth, and consider the competencies of the diverse types of the study of religion to determine the truth of religion, and to analyze how to understand the truth of distinct types of religion. I conclude with about remarks on the appropriate approach to the question of the truth of religion. The considerations show that on that point is no simple answer to the question of the truth of religion in general or in grouchy. As it turns out the answer requires some relativizations, among others to t he notion of truth and of religion. The notions of true religion and credibility of religion, though at first sight distinct, seem to condition each other. The notion of the truth of religion can be a valuable instrument of commentary of religious phenomena not only in philosophy and theology of religion, solely in the social sciences of religion too. Introductory remarksJustification of a religious point of view usually consists in attempts to prove that some particular religion is true. In my paper I will discuss some problems arising when the notion of truth is applied to religion. I first focus on analyzing complexity and conditions of the question about truth of religion in order to determine various meanings which could be ascribed to the expression truth of religio... ...uth, new(a) York 1967.Streng F. J., Truth, in M. Eliade (editor in chief), The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 15, New York-London 1987, 63-72.Vroom H. M., Religions and the Truth. Philosophical Reflections and Perspectives (Currents of Encounter, vol. 2), Amsterdam 1990. pram R. C. S., Theories of Truth, in B. Hale, C. Wright (ed.), A Companion to the Philosophy of Language, Oxford 1997, 309-330.Wiebe D., Religion and Truth. Towards and Alternative persona for the Study of Religions, The Hague, Paris, New York 1981.Waardenburg J. (ed.), Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion. Aims, Methods and Theories of Research, vol. 1 Introduction and Anthology vol. 2 Bibliography, The Hague, Paris 1973-1974.Whaling F. (ed.), Contemporary Approaches to the Study of Religion, vol. 1 The Humanities, vol. 2 The Social Sciences, New York 1984-1985.

The Second Amendment of the Constitution Essay -- 2nd Amendment Constit

The consequence AmendmentA well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a quit state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.This eonian phrase, the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution, is an enduring example of the principles and ideals that our country was founded on. With this statement, the founders of this country explicitly and perpetually guaranteed the American individual the right to keep and bear arms. An uncomparably crucial element of this countrys origins, the Second Amendment and the rights it guarantees have proved vital to the growth and success of our nation. The Second Amendment has often been the subject of debate, and over the years varying speculations and interpretations of its intended meaning have forced this probative phrase into a controversial spotlight. Many Americans question the importance and authenticity of the Second Amendment, claiming that it is outdated and invalid. An increasing n umber of people feel that the Second Amendment should be fully eradicated from the Constitution, and new restrictions outlining firearm ownership should be implemented. Furthermore, in addition to questioning the validity of the phrase, many people question the actual meaning of the Second Amendment. Through critical analysis of the text itself, including deadening speculation of grammar and punctuation, many ...

aboriginal medicine Essay -- essays research papers

Many of the inequalities in the wellness of the indigen people can be attributed to the erosion of the indigen husbandry.(chp.2). Restrictions placed on the ethnic practices of the key people ultimately lead to the abatement of the patriarchal traditional medicines.(p88). Losing their freedom to practice traditional therapeutics, the Aboriginal people eventually had to adapt to the culturally inappropriate ways of occidental medicines. The purpose of this paper is to examine the advantages of Aboriginal healing methods for the Aboriginal people, as well as to explain why these traditional methods continued to hunt long after western style medicines were introduced.Advantages of Aboriginal Healing Methods for the Aboriginal PeopleTraditional healing methods were based upon traditional Aboriginal spiritualty beliefs.(p18). This spiritual belief system stated that people exist at heart this context as becoming creatures, but no more worthy than any other being. To live secu re, healthy lives through ac bonkledging and respecting the spiritual as well as the physical world, because there is no difference mingled with the two.(p71). The whole Aboriginal shade was based around these beliefs. Everyone in the society was treated as equal with acknowledgment and respect. Therefore those who deemed to follow the cultural beliefs had no difficulty in understanding the healing practices of the people. This appreciation of equality and respect was an advantage to the Aboriginal people, especially within their healing methods. disease was treated in many ways but the main inclination was to achieve a sense of balance and harmony.(p82). Applications of herbs and roots, spiritual intervention, and community wide of the mark ritual and ceremonies were all therapeutic practices.(p71). It was the healer who held the keys to the supernatural and natural worlds and who understand signs, described disease and provided medicines from the grassland, woodland, and parkland pharmacopoeia.(p18). The healers knowledge of herbs and roots and ways to administer and diagnose had been passed down from generation to generation.(p85). Healers stood as an advantage for the Aboriginal people. Trust and a personal relationships would naturally build between the patient and the healer.(p77). This must confine ... ...be effective for them. The healing practices persisted because they satisfied the needs of the Aboriginal people and because they swear and understood the healing rituals and practices along with the individuals involved. Isnt it best to trust what you know?The nature of traditional medicine and its intimate relationship with Aboriginal culture explains the inadequacy of Western medicine as the primary model of health care for the Aboriginal community. I believe the preservation of the Aboriginal culture is the only true cure for the Aboriginal people. Society today must work on developing an understanding towards each other, and realize t hat the Aboriginal people are not rebelling against the White man or his ways, quite Aboriginals are trying to help their people by going back to what has worked for their ancestors for centuries and what they feel comfort in. word count 12542 care for That WalksQuestion 4 based on the book by Maureen sixty