Business Decision Making Project Essay

Based on the discussion with my learning team of the milk plant business problem, there is a variety of different products that are output from the plant. The amount of product that is produced everyday varies on what they are processing on that given day. The products that are produced are varieties of different milk, half and half, and manufacturing cream. In order to determine how to solve this business problem, I will need to create some random numbers with how many gallons of milk the silos hold on site, how many gallons of the varieties of milk that are processed and produced, how many pints of half and half, and also how many containers of manufacturing cream and how much the containers hold. There are some probability factors to determine as well, such as, how many employees there are and what if some don’t show up for work that day. There is also to consider that the silos are cleaned every 48 hours and what would need to happen to get the silos empty in that 48 hour period so that no milk is wasted, which is costing the company money. Milk Production Plant Data The random numbers I am going to choose is as follows: The silos hold 1,000 gallons of milk each and there are two silos on site There are 5 different types of milk produced and are processed in 1 gallon containers The half and half is produced in pint size containers The manufacturing cream is produced in 8 ounce containers There are 50 employees There are 10 different companies where the products are distributed all with different amounts purchased/products If nothing goes wrong, 1,500 gallons of milk are processed in a 48 hour period, 300 of each kind. 2,000 pints of  half and half are processed and 32,000 8 ounce containers of manufacturing cream are processed all equaling to the 2,000 gallons that need to be output Conclusion With this amount of information, I will be able to determine where the faults are in the business. The production plant may need to hire more employees, distribute the product to more companies, or even need to just have a better process with processing the product. From the discussion, it was determined that the amount of product that is output from the plant differs everyday depending on what product is being produced that day. This may be the only fault the company has, but in order to get a clearer picture of where the problem lies, I will need to run the numbers and figure out what the next steps for the company will be. Factoring in the probabilities is going to change the data, so I will need to make sure that the company has a solution for if certain things happen that will affect the processes in place.

Principles of Law Essay

QUESTION Malik runs a restaurant at Taman Desa Kluang, Johor. He ordered from Ah Chong Mini Market 50 bags of Pakistani basmati rice at RM40 per bag and 200 packets of sugar at RM2.20 per packet. It was expressly agreed between the parties that Ah Chong must pack the sugar in boxes containing 20 packets each. However, when Ah Chong delivered the goods to Malik’s restaurant, it was found that the sugar was packed in boxes containing 30 packets each. The basmati rice that was supplied was found to be from India not Pakistan. Malik wishes to reject the goods. Advise Malik. Problematic Issue Whether Malik can take legal action against Ah Chong for breach of implied condition by description. Principles of Law Section 2 of SGA â€Å"Every kind of movable property other than actionable claims and money, and includes stocks and shares, growing crops, grass and thing attached to or forming part of land which are agreed to be severed for sale or under the contract of sale† Section 15 of SGA If the contract is for the sales of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods must correspond with the description. Case: Moore & Co v Launder Facts: Contract for 3,100 cases of canned fruit packed 30 tins to a case. But half of the cases contained only 24 tins although the total quantity was met. Held: the goods not correspond with contractual description.The buyers entitled to reject the goods. Case: Nagurdas Purshotumdas v Mitsui Bussan Kaisha Previous contract- sale of flour which had been sold in bags bearing a well-known trade mark. Subsequent contract- flour ordered ‘the same as our  previous contract’. Seller supplied flour of the same quality but did not bear the same well-known trade mark. Held: there was a breach of condition as the goods did not correspond with the description. Application According to Section 2 of SGA, basmati rice and sugar are movable property. According to Section 15 of SGA, the basmati rice and sugar supplied by Ah Chong must correspond with the description stated by Malik. According to the case of Moore & Co v Launder, Malik ordered from Ah Chong to delivered 200 packets of sugar and pack the sugar in boxes containing 20 packets each but Ah Chong pack the sugar in boxes containing 30 packets each. According to the case of Nagurdas Purshotumdas v Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, Malik ordered Ah Chong to delivered basmati rice from Pakistan but Ah Chong supplied basmati rice from India not Pakistan. Conclusion Malik ordered from Ah Chong to delivered 200 packets of sugar and pack the sugar in boxes containing 20 packets each but Ah Chong pack the sugar in boxes containing 30 packets each. Malik also ordered Ah Chong to delivered basmati rice from Pakistan but Ah Chong supplied basmati rice from India not Pakistan.Therefore, Malik can take legal action against Ah Chong for breach of implied condition by description. Malik also can repudiate the contract or reject the goods. QUESTION Discuss the differences between conditions and warranties in a contract of sale of goods. CONDITIONS Section 12(2) of SGA-Definition of Condition Condition is a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract. Breach of Condition Contract can be repudiated, goods can be rejected. Exceptions (Situations where the innocent party cannot repudiate the contract) Section 13 of SGA – Where the buyers waives the condition. – Where the buyers elects to treat the breach of condition as a breach of warranty. – Where the contract is NOT severable and the buyer has accepted the goods. – Where the contract is specific goods the property in goods or ownership has passed to the buyer. WARRANTIES Section 12(3) of SGA-Definition of Warranty Warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract. Breach of Warranty Can only claim damages but cannot reject goods or repudiate the contract.

Reasearch Paper

w w w e tr . X m eP UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Ordinary Level e ap . c rs om MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2012 question paper for the guidance of teachers 1123 ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1123/12 Paper 1 (Composition), maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks.It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. †¢ Cambridge will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2012 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses a nd some Ordinary Level syllabuses.Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2012 Syllabus 1123 Paper 12 MARKING of LANGUAGE Section 1 and Section 2 General Assessment Objectives for WRITING W1 W2 W3 W4 Communicate appropriately, with a clear awareness of purpose, audience and register. Communicate clearly and develop ideas coherently, at word level, at sentence level and at whole text level. Use accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. Communicate creatively, using a varied range of vocabulary, sentence structures and linguistic devices.The above objectives are assessed by impression, using as guides the Band descriptions in this mark scheme, the photostats and the exemplar marked scripts attached to this mark scheme, showing performance across the expected range of achievement. Specific Assessment Objectives for Section 1: Directed Writing To test the candidate's ability to: 1 2 write a speech which communicates information clearly, accurately an d economically; carry out the instructions as detailed on the question paper regarding the particular information required.Detailed Marking Instructions for Section 1: Directed Writing The 30 marks are allocated as follows: Task Fulfilment 15 marks Language 15 marks Please indicate the TF mark first at the end of the essay, e. g. 10 + 12 = 22 N. B. Assessing task fulfilment means more than including the bullet/content points. N. B. Candidates who address only two points must be in Band 3 or below for TF.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2012 SECTION 1 TASK FULFILMENT MARK Syllabus 1123 Paper 12Band 1 (15–13 marks) †¢ Good understanding of purpose. †¢ Clear awareness of situation and audience. †¢ Format entirely appropriate. †¢ All required points developed in detail, fully amplified and well organised. †¢ Given information well used to justify person al opinion and interpretation. †¢ Tone and register entirely appropriate. Band 2 (12–10 marks) †¢ An understanding of purpose. †¢ An awareness of situation and audience. †¢ Format appropriate. †¢ All required points addressed but not always developed in detail. †¢ Given information organised to support personal opinion. Tone and register appropriate. Band 3 (9–7 marks) †¢ Some understanding of purpose. †¢ Some awareness of situation and audience. †¢ Format generally appropriate. †¢ At least two required points addressed (and partially/fully developed). †¢ Given information may not be logically used to support opinion. †¢ Tone usually appropriate, although there may be slips of register. Band 4 (6–4 marks) †¢ Only partial understanding of purpose. †¢ Some confusion as to situation and audience. †¢ Format may be inappropriate. †¢ At least one of the required points addressed (and parti ally/fully developed). Given information may be used irrelevantly. †¢ Tone may be uneven. Band 5 (3–1 marks) †¢ Misunderstanding of purpose. †¢ Confusion as to situation and audience. †¢ Little evidence of a specific format. †¢ None of the required points addressed. †¢ Given information misunderstood or irrelevant. †¢ Tone may be inappropriate. A mark of 0 should be given only when: †¢ the response is totally incomprehensible or †¢ the candidate has merely copied out the question or parts of it at random or †¢ the question is not attempted at all.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Page 4Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2012 SECTION 1 LANGUAGE MARK Syllabus 1123 Paper 12 Band 1 (15–14 marks) †¢ Highly accurate, apart from very occasional slips. †¢ Sentence structures varied for particular effects. †¢ Verb forms largely correct and appropriate te nses consistently used. †¢ Vocabulary wide and precise. †¢ Punctuation accurate and helpful. †¢ Spelling accurate, apart from very occasional slips. †¢ Paragraphs have unity, are linked, and show evidence of planning. Band 2 (13–12 marks) †¢ Accurate; occasional errors are either slips or caused by ambition. Sentence structures show some variation to create some natural fluency. †¢ Occasional slips in verb forms or tense formation, but sequence consistent and clear throughout. †¢ Vocabulary precise enough to convey intended shades of meaning. †¢ Punctuation accurate and generally helpful. †¢ Spelling nearly always accurate. †¢ Paragraphs have unity, are usually linked and show some evidence of planning. Band 3 (11–10 marks) †¢ Mostly accurate; errors from ambition do not mar clarity of communication. †¢ Some variety of sentence structures, but tendency to repeat sentence types may produce monotonous effect. Er rors may occur in irregular verb forms, but control of tense sequence sufficient to sustain clear progression of events or ideas. †¢ Simple vocabulary mainly correct; errors may occur with more ambitious words. †¢ Punctuation generally accurate and sentence separation correctly marked, but errors may occur e. g. with direct speech. †¢ Spelling of simple vocabulary accurate; some errors in more ambitious words. †¢ Paragraphs may show some unity, although links may be absent or inappropriate. Band 4 (9–8 marks) †¢ Sufficiently accurate to communicate meaning, with patches of clear, accurate language. Some variety of sentence length and structure, not always for particular purpose. †¢ Errors in verb forms and tense consistency may cause uncertainty in sequence of events or disturb ease of communication. †¢ Vocabulary usually adequate to convey intended meaning; idiom may be uncertain. †¢ Punctuation used but not always helpful; occasional sentence separation errors. †¢ Spelling of simple vocabulary accurate; errors in more difficult words. †¢ Paragraphs used but may lack unity or coherence. Band 5 (7–6 marks) †¢ Overall meaning never in doubt, but errors sufficiently frequent and serious to hamper precision and distract reader from content. Some simple structures accurate but unlikely to sustain accuracy for long. †¢ Errors in verb forms and tenses will sometimes confuse sequence of events. †¢ Vocabulary limited, either too simple or imperfectly understood; some idiomatic errors likely. †¢ Simple punctuation usually accurate, but there may be frequent sentence separation errors. †¢ Spelling of simple vocabulary accurate; frequent errors in more difficult words. †¢ Paragraphs used haphazardly.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2012 Syllabus 1123 Paper 12Band 6 (5–4 marks) †¢ Many serious errors of various kinds of ‘single-word' type (i. e. they could be corrected without re-writing the sentence); communication established, although weight of error may cause some ‘blurring'. †¢ Sentences probably simple and repetitive in structure. †¢ Frequent errors in verb forms and haphazard changes of tense confuse meaning. †¢ Vocabulary conveys meaning but likely to be simple and imprecise; significant idiomatic errors †¢ Spelling may be inconsistent. †¢ Punctuation and paragraphing may be haphazard or non-existent. Band 7 (3–2 marks) †¢ Sense usually decipherable but some error will be ‘multiple' (i. . requiring the reader to re-read and re-organise); meaning may be partly hidden by density of linguistic error. †¢ Unlikely to be more than a few accurate sentences, however simple, in the whole essay. Band 8 (1–0 mark) †¢ Scripts almost entirely or entirely impossible to recognise as pieces of English writing; whole sections make no sense at all. †¢ Where occasional patches of relative clarity are evident, 1 mark should be given. †¢ The mark of 0 is reserved for scripts that make no sense at all from beginning to end.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Page 6Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2012 Syllabus 1123 Paper 12 Detailed Marking instructions for Section 2: Creative Writing 30 marks are allocated. The ‘best fit' prindple is applied, as in the following table. N. B. Primary emphasis is on quality of Language; comments on Content used to adjust mark within Band. SECTION 2 MARK Band 1 (30–27 marks) †¢ Highly accurate, apart from very occasional slips. †¢ Sentence structure varied for particular effects. †¢ Verb forms largely correct and appropriate tenses consistently used. †¢ Vocabulary wide and precise. †¢ Punctuation accurate and helpful. Spellin g accurate apart from very occasional slips. †¢ Paragraphs have unity, are linked, and show evidence of planning. Consistently relevant. Interest aroused and sustained. Tone and register entirely appropriate. Discursive essays are well developed, logical, even complex, in argument. Descriptive essays have well-developed images helping to create complex atmospheres. Narratives are complex, sophisticated, possibly tense, and may contain devices such as flashbacks. Band 2 (26–23 marks) †¢ Accurate; occasional errors are either slips or caused by ambition. †¢ Sentence structures show some variation to create some natural fluency. Occasional slips in verb forms or tense formation but sequence consistent and clear throughout. †¢ Vocabulary wide and precise enough to convey intended shades of meaning. †¢ Punctuation accurate and generally helpful. †¢ Spelling nearly always accurate. †¢ Paragraphs have unity, are usually linked and show some evidenc e of planning. Relevant. Interest aroused and mostly sustained. Tone and register appropriate. Discursive essays have clearly-defined, cohesive, logical stages in their argument. Descriptive essays have interesting images and range of detail, helping to create effective atmospheres.Narratives have effective detail creating character or setting, and may contain some sense of climax.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Page 7 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2012 Syllabus 1123 Paper 12 Band 3 (22–19 marks) †¢ Mostly accurate; errors from ambition do not mar clarity of communication. †¢ Some variety of sentence structures, but tendency to repeat sentence types may produce monotonous effect. †¢ Errors may occur in irregular verb forms, but control of tense sequence sufficient to sustain clear progression of events or ideas. Simple vocabulary mainly correct; errors may occur with more ambitious words. †¢ Punctuation generally accurate and sentence separation correctly marked, but errors may occur e. g. with direct speech. †¢ Spelling of simple vocabulary accurate; some errors in more ambitious words. †¢ Paragraphs may show some unity, although links may be absent or inappropriate. Relevant. Some interest aroused, although there may some lack of originality and/or planning. Tone usually appropriate, although there may be slips of register. Discursive essays make a series of relevant points, with some being developed; linking of ideas may be insecure.Descriptive essays have satisfactory images, ideas and details which help to create atmosphere. Narratives are straightforward with proper sequencing of sentences. Band 4 (18–15 marks) Sufficiently accurate to communicate meaning, with patches of clear, accurate language. Some variety of sentence length and structure, not always for particular purpose. †¢ Errors in verb forms and tense consistency may cause uncert ainty in sequence of events or disturb ease of communication. Vocabulary usually adequate to convey intended meaning; idiom may be uncertain.Punctuation used but not always helpful; occasional sentence separation errors. †¢ Spelling of simple vocabulary accurate; errors in more difficult words. †¢ Paragraphs used but may lack unity or coherence. Attempt to address topic but there may be digressions or failures of logic. May lack liveliness and interest. Tone may be uneven. Discursive essays have mainly relevant points but may be only partially developed, with some repetition. Descriptive essays have some detail but may rely too much on narrative. Narratives are largely a series of events with only occasional details of character and setting.Band 5 (14–11 marks) †¢ Overall meaning never in doubt, but errors sufficiently frequent and serious to hamper precision and distract reader from content. †¢ Some simple sentence structures accurate but unlikely to sust ain accuracy for long. †¢ Errors in verb forms and tenses will sometimes confuse sequence of events. †¢ Vocabulary limited, either too simple or imperfectly understood; some idiomatic errors likely. †¢ Simple punctuation usually accurate, but there may be frequent sentence separation errors. †¢ Spelling of simple vocabulary accurate, frequent errors in more difficult words. †¢ Paragraphs used haphazardly. Some relevance.Some interest. Tone may be inconsistent. Discursive essays make a few points but development is simple and not always logical; some obvious repetition of ideas. Descriptive essays are relevant but lack scope or variety. Narratives are simple, everyday or immature.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Page 8 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2012 Syllabus 1123 Paper 12 Band 6 (10–7 marks) †¢ Many serious errors of various kinds of ‘single-word' type (i. e. they could b e corrected without re-writing the sentence); communication established, although weight of error may cause some ‘blurring'. Sentences probably simple and repetitive in structure. †¢ Frequent errors in verb forms and haphazard changes of tense confuse meaning. †¢ Vocabulary conveys meaning but likely to be simple and imprecise; significant idiomatic errors. †¢ Spelling may be inconsistent. †¢ Punctuation and paragraphing may be haphazard or non-existent. A little relevance. A little interest. Some recognition of appropriate tone. In Discursive essays only a few points are discernable and the argument progresses only here and there. In Descriptive essays the overall picture is unclear.Narratives are very simple and may narrate events indiscriminately. Band 7 (6–3 marks) †¢ Sense usually decipherable but some error will be ‘multiple' (i. e. requiring the reader to reread and re-organise); meaning may be partly hidden by density of linguistic error. †¢ Unlikely to be more than a few accurate sentences, however simple, in the whole essay. Little relevance or interest. Tone may be inappropriate. In Discursive essays only a very few points are discernable and the argument barely progresses. In Descriptive essays the overall picture is very unclear.Narratives are extremely simple and may narrate events indiscriminately. Band 8 (2–0 marks) †¢ Scripts almost entirely or entirely impossible to recognise as pieces of English writing; whole sections make no sense at all. †¢ Where occasional patches of relative clarity are evident, 2 or 1 mark(s) should be given. †¢ The mark of 0 is reserved for scripts that make no sense at all from beginning to end. Discursive essays are rarely relevant and may well be disordered, as are Descriptive essays and Narratives.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2012

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion - Assignment Example The benefits of maximizing health and safety for the workforce as well as the organization include improved productivity of workers, improved psychological and emotional well-being of workers, and their increased motivation. The beneficial effects of maximizing the health and safety of the workforce become evident in terms of achievement of organizational goals, expansion and growth of business, and increased profitability for all. Organizations can promote the health, fitness, and psychological adaptation of their employees in a variety of ways. For example, the organization should disallow smoking in the office. This would not only keep other employees safe, but would also discourage the smokers from smoking which might drive them out of this habit. The organizations should provide the workforce with only healthy meals as snacks and for lunch. Workers would only drink soft-drinks if they would be available at the cafeteria. Organizations can substantially control their workers’ eating and drinking habits by carefully deciding the menu. The psychological adaptation of workers can be increased with thoughtful design of jobs, leadership approaches, organizational culture, and organizational policies. Generally, organizations should try to develop and foster a culture wherein employees think of the organization as their second home, and where they live and work together like a family, where seniors should be respected and juniors should be loved, and where leaders work in close collaboration with the followers rather than maintaining distance from them. Major sources of stress for me at work include but are not limited to overburden of work, lack of sufficient resources, unrealistic expectations of the boss, lack of a cooperative team, and racism and bullying. I have observed that many people feel stressed on jobs because of these or

Family Systems Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family Systems Therapy - Essay Example FST perspective relies upon the assumption that psychological issues are developed and maintained in the social context of families. Such view implies that the therapist should pay attention to the entire family of the patient instead of focusing almost exclusively on the individual needs and symptoms of the patient. Modern forms of FST employ a wide range of methods and techniques from the field of psychotherapy, systems theory, systemic coaching, and communication theory and tend to incorporate several psychotherapeutic approaches including cognitive therapy, narrative perspectives, social constructionist approach, intergenerational theory, etc. (Nichols & Schwartz, 1998). Such variety of paradigms incorporated in FST is due to exceptionally complex, multilateral and multilevel nature of human interactions within the family setting. 1. Experiential: this approach, also termed Symbolic-Experiential Family therapy, was founded by Carl Whitaker in the 1960's. The experiential approach, as its name suggested, emphasized the role of immediate ongoing experience, required the therapist conducting treatment to be active and directive, and stressed the importance of going beyond the tenets of traditional theory. Virginia Satir was another recognized contributor and proponent of the experiential approach (Fraenkel, 1997). 2. Family Systems: this approach founded by Murray Bowen revolves around eight basic concepts, namely Emotional Triangles (three-person relationship system considered the smallest building block of a wider network), Differentiation of Self (psychological liberation of intellect and emotion from the family influences, independence of the self from others), Nuclear Family Emotional System (encompasses 4 primary patterns of relations that affect development of problems in the family context), Family Projection Process (the basic way in which parents transmit their psychological problems to their children), Multigenerational Transmission Process (the way in which smaller dysfunctional patterns are accumulated and passed from one generation to another, which eventually leads to serious psychological problems), Emotional Cutoff (the way of managing emotional problems that emerge in the family by cutting off any emotional contacts with other members), Sibling Position (this concept relies o n the research of Walter Toman and explains the mechanism of how position of the sibling affects behavior and psychological development of other family members), and Societal Emotional Process (explains how the emotional system influences an individual's behavior on a broader societal level). These concepts fully clarify the basic goals of treatment and role of therapist in the Family Systems approach: The person should be detriangulated from the emotional setting within her family context; The system of relations between the spouses or members of family must be adequately defined and clarified to the fullest extent possible; The person must be fully aware of the function of emotional systems; The person must demonstrating differentiation from the

Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

Final Paper - Essay Example This paper main focus will be on the impact fast food has on the people living in Hong Kong. Fast foods have been known to impact negatively on people’s health considering the main method of preparation of these fast foods is by deep-frying in cooking oils. Fast foods are also considered to have many calories, but limited nutrients such as minerals and vitamins. Additionally, most drinks and snacks in fast McDonald restaurants have a high sugar level. Therefore, Hong Kong residents who consume fast food often take in more calories than their body needs. Once the excess calories accumulate in the body there are great chances of a significant number of individuals being obese. Obesity increases the chances of an individual becoming diabetic as well as getting high blood pressure. It is unhealthy for people to eat franchise on a frequent basis. A worrying statistic is that it takes fifty one days for the body to digest fast-food French fries or chicken nuggets (Watson, 21). Despite McDonald’s franchise making efforts to sustain children with threatening diseases, the diet offered by the franchise contributes to heart disease, asthma and obesity.Hong Kong has been putting in measures to ensure its food industry embarks on activities that promote healthy lives among its people. However, McDonald’s has expanded rapidly which in turn had led to many children being hospitalized from poisoning of fast food. The expansion poses questions to Hong Kong’s policy on health foods since McDonald’s foods are known to lead to a number of illnesses (Schlosser, 123). The corporation’s operations are also tends to be dubious considering unlike the normal fresh ground beef patty found at a local Hong Kong butcher shop, a McDonald’s hamburger patty contains beef from more than a thousand different bulls. The bulls are established in as many as five countries and

Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reporting - Essay Example k Theory (ANT) purification process with its findings based on themes such as, human and non-human actors, events and technological and regulatory initiatives (Law 1-21). The main agenda of implementing this process is to understand mobilization activities, chain of relations, conflicts and resistance, which determined integrating reporting journey of Australia. The research was undertaken with the objective to determine impact of events and manifestations on sustainability reporting and emergence of integrated reporting. The author has collected necessary data through documentation review, semi-structured reflective interviews and participant observation method (Patricia). Another qualitative approach has been included by the author that is the netnographical approach. In this research, qualitative data analysis was undertaken using Nvivo 9 research software by uploading all interview transcription in the software. The report findings present four key factors that influenced evolution of integrated reporting, namely, critical events, actors, technologies and regulatory initiatives (Richards 16). The introductory section briefly discusses factors that influenced emergence of integrated reporting in Australia. It discusses advances in reporting field because of purification processes, before introduction of International Integrated Reporting Committee (IIRC). The factor that motivated the author to commit to this research was to understand the shift from sustainability reporting to integrated reporting. The author demonstrated that sustainability reporting method has been in practice for quite some time and an important fact about it is that is a catalyst of Actor Network theory that has influenced evolution of integrated reporting. The social environment accounting study by Mathews (1997), along with contribution of other sustainability researchers such as, Buhr (2007), Gray (2001) and Milne and Gray (2007), show developments made in sustainability accounting

Arabic Coffee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arabic Coffee - Essay Example This paper explores the history of Arabic coffee, its uniqueness, preparation and drinking, advantages and disadvantages among other interesting facts about Arabica coffee. Arabic coffee can be traced back to Ethiopian highlands over a thousand years back, where it grew as coffee forest (Schmitt 113). The Arabs are known as the very first people to grow coffee as well as commence its trade. As early as the 15th century, the Arabs of Yemeni district, Arabia were already growing coffee. By the 16th century, coffee cultivation had spread to other Arab nations such as Egypt, Persia, Syria as well as Turkey. Besides drinking in homes, coffee was also served in public coffee houses commonly known as qahveh khaneh. The public drinking houses grew in popularity and people engaged in every type of social activities in the houses. In the early years, an open fire was used to roast coffee beans. The roasted beans were then prepared in dallah, a coffee pot over an open fire too. Today, coffee preparation is done over stovetop and other heat supplies rather than the traditional open fire. Of the world’s total coffee production, coffee Arabica constitutes about 70 to 80 percent. It takes approximately seven years to mature. It grows best at altitudes of about 1,300 to 1500 meters with evenly distributed rainfall the whole year. Coffee Arabica can withstand low temperatures performing best at 15 and 24  Ã‚ °C. Commercial plantations are usually left to grow to about 5 meters. However, trimming is done to about 2 meters to enable easy harvesting. The trees are susceptible to frosty conditions. Cultivation of Arabica coffee has spread from the Arab world into other parts of the globe. Arabic coffee is currently one of the most precious beverages, not only in the Middle East, but in the entire world. Anyone who has had time to visit the Middle East and gotten the opportunity to sip Arabic coffee must be having a whole lot difference to tell about how the coffee compares

Is war an inevitable feature of international relations Essay

Is war an inevitable feature of international relations - Essay Example Historically, mankind has engaged itself in bloody conflicts from time to time. Fighting over power, religion, resources, money, and freedom has been the order of the modern world. Some people opine that war is avoidable and unnecessary, but the reality is, war is something that can never be avoided. War is an inevitable occurrence in the modern world economies, where politics, conflicts over resources and supremacy of power has taken centre stage. Propaganda has been heavily used not only in the past but also today. In fact, much of the military propaganda is motivated towards making yourself into a stronger figure that many emulate. This is popularly seen in the ads such as the army slogans, "Not Just Strong, Army Strong", the Marine Corps. Slogan, "Which Way Will You Run?", and "The Few, The Proud" With these types of the ads, they promote the idea of joining the military force while glorifying the idea of going into the battle (Singer, 2011). The media has also contributed immensely in glorifying war today. For instance, the movies that we watch are constantly being produced about the war in the Middle East. Films such as â€Å"The Hurt Locker†, the United States is highly glorified because of how they depict the three-man bomb squad and the lone Humvee clearing the buildings (Kamber, 2010). Indeed, when the idea of the battle is being glorified, the idea of the war is even more appealing. Therefore, propaganda is a reoccurring trend, and the conflict is the turning wheel of the violence and tension. If indeed these trends have held the film industry for centuries, can the cycles be stopped? Psychology is the most convincing perspective about how war is the inevitable feature of the international relations. In one of his articles titled, â€Å"War Inevitable?†, E.O. Wilson states that, "Our bloody nature, it can now be argued in the context of modern biology, is ingrained because group-versus-group competition was a principal

Oral sex. Is it sex or not and why Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oral sex. Is it sex or not and why - Essay Example ey further contend that, since people do not feel like they cheated on their partners when they engage in oral sex with other people, oral sex is not actually sex. This opinion was shared by none other than former U.S. President Bill Clinton when he was almost impeached for allegedly perjuring himself for stating that he did not have sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky. Since the charges against him did not stick, we can reluctantly conclude that politicians support the notion that oral sex is not considered as sex. Many health practitioners claim that oral sex is sex because even if it may not lead to pregnancy, it still carries the risks of transmitting sexually-transmissible diseases. And despite this warning to many teenagers (who attest to their ‘technical’ virginity), the latter still actively engage in oral sex. Other practitioners argue that oral sex is not sex because there is no penile penetration which is necessary to complete the sexual act. They further claim that oral sex is just part of sex, but not actually sex. However, on a more realistic plane, oral sex is really sex. Those insisting otherwise are bordering on technical definitions of sex in order to suit their morals and their guilty conscience. Oral sex can transport the participants to planes of pleasure-same as actual intercourse. In a less technical and juvenile context, it is a sexual act that preludes intercourse, but it is undeniably still a sexual

Layoff Protocol Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Layoff Protocol Assignment - Essay Example The layoff protocol is to be facilitated by the directors in close co-operation with the management team. It takes into account the current emotional and psychological distress being experienced in the organization and therefore requires that the implementation team adequately communicates the importance of this activity. The criteria of selection shall be pegged on four major benchmarks that will include the years of service, the nature of work, performance appraisal records among other factors like recommendation by head of departments according to fairness and the organizational policy. The management shall look into requests for volunteering workers who intend to leave for other reasons. Secondly, the committee shall proceed to look at the classification of employees on the stated factors as indicated above. The order of priority shall be given to technical employees, those who have served for longer years and are therefore not able to look for other places and highly performing employees as recognized by the human resource policy mechanisms. It is notable that the board arrived at this decision after considering other options and therefore it was the last option. The laid off workers shall also be given priority for redeployment should the current situation

Letters to Friend Essay Example for Free

Letters to Friend Essay My host family were consisting of the old lady thats name Peggy and she were hosting two students before we arrived there. Shes very kind women, Towards the middle of my spring vacation, We were looking for american high school for next semester. But poor us, most of the schools got fully enrolled for next semester. So we tried to contact the rest of the schools that we knew from our friends, relatives or family. And finally we found out that one of the school thats called The newman high school still opening for enroll next semester. Lucky us that Peggy used to be the principle of the language school before, so she suggested us a lots of stuffs to prepare. We have been going to the News burry street, Havard university as long as I remembered. We know the best places for sight seeing. Where all the best rides , which park is the best. On day though while we were planning our next trip we decided that which days will we going back to EF. And we decided to stay in Boston for four more days in the hotel. It was a wonderful experience that we went there, walking around the city with my friends having just a map in my rucksack. Even though my summer was loaded with activity, it still seemed like a long break. After spending so much time in Boston, chilling around, and attending a guitar competetion , I felt like I needed more vacation! It was a wonderful experience and I learned a lot . This trip gave me an unforgettable impression of Massachussets What about you ? Where did you go on your spring vacation ? Please write soon Yours, Jay

The Heritage Of Pakistan

The Heritage Of Pakistan Moen-jo-Daro is situated at a distance of some kilometers from Larkana. A civilization fourished there some 4000 years ago. It was discovered by Sir John Marshall in 1922. Moen-jo-Daro stands as most spectecular of all the excavate cities of the Indus Valley civilizaton. It is strange that at its glory, it was a beautiful city with brick walled houses, pillared halls, markets, baths, lanes, streets and public places. Every house had walls, drains and bathrooms inside it 2. Harappa Harappa is situated in the city of Sahiwal. Scientists and archaeologists believe that Harappa also belongs to the Indus Valley Civilization. Remains of this city were excavated in the 1920. 3. Gandhara It is comparatively a new civilization, the regions comprising Northern Punjab, Peshawar valley and Eastern Afghanistan was known as Gandhara. For a long time it remained the meeting place of various ancient cultures, as it was rule by many rulers. A distinctive art which is known as Gandhara Art took place from here and flourished during the 2nd and 3rd century of Christian era. Thousands monasteries and stupas were widely here Buddhas figures, shapes and monasteries all made prominent features of Gandhara Arts. 4. Buddhist Remains The Buddhist era ushered in some 500 years B.C. The Buddhist monastery Takht-I-Bahi is in N.W.F.P, it dates 2-5 century old. Some mounds were also found near Peshawar which represents Kanishkas mighty Pakistan. An impressive complex of Chapels, Stupas, quadrangles and monks cells are also found. The great Buddhist civilization is now forming the heritage of the present Pakistan Culture. 5. Taxila It was excavated in recent times near Rawalpindi. Taxila is the most popular name in history. It came into prominence during the Persian occupation. At its zenith, the city was the nucleus of religious and cultural activities. 6. Thatta The main town of Thatta is famous for specimens of Indo-Muslim architecture in the Sub Continent. Notable among them is the great mosque built by Shah-Jahan. The principle monuments of Thatta are located on the Makli Hill. 2.3.2 Architectural Heritage 1. Lahore Fort It is also known as the Shahi Qila. It was built by Akbar. The main structures inside the fort are the Moti Masjid, Diwan-e-Aam, Maktab Khana, the Shish Mahal and Nawlakha. The Hathi and Alamgir gates are also remarkable constructions. 2. Badshahi Masjid It was built by Aurangzeb. Its architecture is similar to the Jamia Masjid Delhi. The masjid has been built with red stones while the domes are in marble. 3. Jahangir Tomb This tomb was built by Shah Jahan. It is known as a fine building of Lahore. 4. Shalimar Garden It is situated on the Grand Trunk Road and is a magnificent remnant of Mughal Granduer. The garden constitutes of three terraces, one above the other. Besides there is an elaborate and beautiful reservoir, water channels and fountains. 5. Masjid Wazir Khan It is situated in Kashmir Bazaar inside the walls of the old city. It was built by Nawab Wazir Khan who was a viceroy of Punjab under Shah Jahan. 6. Golden Masjid It is situated near Masjid Wazir Khan. It was built during the rule of Mohammad Shah and it is also a very beautiful piece of architecture. 7. Mahabat Khan Masjid This masjid was built by a Governor of Peshawar, Mahabat Khan, during Shah Jahans reign. It has a fine massive structure with lofty minarets. 8. The Fort of Bala Hasar This fort was built on raised platform 92 feet from the ground level. There are two gardens near the fort. 2.4 Economy of Pakistan The economy of Pakistan is the 27th largest in the world in nominal terms and 47th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Growth poles of Pakistans economy are situated along the Indus River; diversified economies of Karachi and Punjabs urban centers coexist with lesser developed areas in other parts of the country. The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political disputes, a fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term. Stock market In the first four years of the twenty-first century, Pakistans KSE 100 Index was the best-performing stock market index in the world as declared by the international magazine Business Week. The stock market capitalization of listed companies in Pakistan was valued at $5,937 million in 2005 by the World Bank. But in 2008, after the General Elections, uncertain political environment, rising militancy along western borders of the country, and mounting inflation and current account deficits resulted in the steep decline of the Karachi Stock Exchange. As a result, the corporate sector of Pakistan has declined dramatically in recent times. However the market bounced back strongly in 2009 and the trend continues in 2011. Demographics With a per capita GDP of over $3000 in 2006 compared with $2600 in 2005 in 2005 the World Bank considers Pakistan a medium-income country, it is also recorded as a Medium Development Country on the Human Development Index 2007. Pakistan has a large informal economy, which the government is trying to document and assess. Approximately 56% of adults are literate, and life expectancy is about 64 years. The population, about 168 million in 2007, is growing at about 1.80%. Relatively few resources in the past had been devoted to socio-economic development or infrastructure projects. Inadequate provision of social services, high birth rates and immigration from nearby countries in the past have contributed to a persistence of poverty. An influential recent study concluded that the fertility rate peaked in the 1980s, and has since fallen sharply. Pakistan has a family-income Gini index of 41, close to the world average of 39. Employment The high population growth in the past few decades has ensured that a very large number of young people are now entering the labor market. Even though it is among the seven most populous Asian nations, Pakistan has a lower population density than Bangladesh, Japan, India, and the Philippines. In the past, excessive red tape made firing from jobs, and consequently hiring, difficult. Significant progress in taxation and business reforms has ensured that many firms now are not compelled to operate in the underground economy. In late 2006, the government launched an ambitious nationwide service employment scheme aimed at disbursing almost $2 billion over five years. Mean wages were $0.98 per manhour in 2009.Rate of unemployment is 25%. High inflation and limited wage growth have drawn more women into the workforce to feed their families, in spite of cultural resistance and domestic abuse over the issue. Tourism Tourism in Pakistan has been stated as being the tourism industrys next big thing. Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country, almost double to that of a decade ago. Pakistans tourism industry was in its heyday during the 1970s when the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign tourists, thanks to the Hippie trail. The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat, Quetta, Gwadar and Rawalpindi. The countrys attraction range from the ruin of civilization such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations, which attract those interested in winter sports. Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over 7000 m, which attracts adventurers and mountaineers from around the world. The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small pre-Islamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great. The romance of the historic Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is timeless and legendary, Punjab province has the site of Alexanders battle on the Jhelum River and the historic city of Lahore, Pakistans cultural capital, with many examples of Mughal architecture such as Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. Before the Global economic crisis, Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists annually. Tourism in Pakistan is still a growing industry. Major attracti ons today include ruins of Indus valley civilization and mountain resorts in the Himalayas. Himalayan and Karakoram Range. 2.5 Currency System in Pakistan Rupee The basic unit of currency is the Rupee, ISO code PKR and abbreviated Rs, which is divided into 100 paisas. Currently the newly printed 5,000 rupee note is the largest denomination in circulation. Recently the SBP has introduced all new design notes of Rs. 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 denomination, while the design work of Rs.10,000 note is in progress which will help the banking industry in keeping few notes in saving accounts. The new notes have been designed using the euro technology and are made in eye-catching bright colours and bold, stylish designs. Dollar-Rupee exchange rate The Pakistani Rupee was pegged to the Pound sterling until 1982, when the government of General Zia-ul-Haq, changed it to managed float. As a result, the rupee devalued by 38.5% between 1982/83 many of the industries built by his predecessor suffered with a huge surge in import costs. After years of appreciation under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and despite huge increases in foreign aid the Rupee depreciated. Foreign exchange rate The Pakistani rupee depreciated against the US dollar until around the start of the 21st century, when Pakistans large current-account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up versus the dollar. Pakistans central bank then stabilized by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, in order to preserve the countrys export competitiveness. Foreign exchange reserves Pakistan maintains foreign reserves with State Bank of Pakistan. The currency of the reserves was solely US dollar incurring speculated losses after the Dollar prices fell during 2005, forcing the then Governor SBP Ishrat Hussain to step down. In the same year the SBP issued an official statement proclaiming diversification of reserves in currencies including Euro and Yen, withholding ratio of diversification. In October 2007, at the end of Prime Minister Shaukat Azizs tenure, Pakistan raised back its Foreign Reserves to $16.4 billion. Pakistans trade deficit was at $13 billion, exports grew to $18 billion, revenue generation increased to become $13 billion and the country attracted foreign investment of $8.4 billion. However, following the international credit crisis and spikes in crude oil prices Pakistans economy could not withstand the pressure and on October 11, 2008 State Bank of Pakistan reported that countrys foreign exchange reserves had gone down by $571.9 Million to $7749.7 Million. The foreign exchange reserves had declined more by $10 billion to an alarming rate of $6.59 billion. In July 2011, the State Bank of Pakistan reported reserves to hit an all time high of $18.25 billion. 2.6 Foreign Trade Investment Foreign direct investment in Pakistan soared by 180.6 per cent year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 per cent to $407.4 million during the first nine months of fiscal year 2006, the State Bank of Pakistan reported on April 24. During July-March 2005-06, FDI year-on-year increased to $2.224 billion from only $792.6 million and portfolio investment to $407.4 million, whereas it was $108.1 million in the corresponding period last year, according to the latest statistics released by the State Bank. Pakistan has achieved FDI of almost $8.4 billion in the financial year 06/07, surpassing the government target of $4 billion. Foreign investment had significantly declined by 2010, dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistans political instability and weak law and order, according to the Bank of Pakistan. Pakistan is now the most investment-friendly nation in South Asia. Business regulations have been profoundly overhauled along liberal lines, especially since 1999. Most barriers to the flow of capital and international direct investment have been removed. Foreign investors do not face any restrictions on the inflow of capital, and investment of up to 100% of equity participation is allowed in most sectors. Unlimited remittance of profits, dividends, service fees or capital is now the rule. Business regulations are now among the most liberal in the region. This was confirmed by the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Index report published in September 2009 ranking Pakistan at 85th well ahead of neighbors like China at 89th and India at 133rd. Pakistan is attracting an increasingly large amount of private equity and was the ranked as number 20 in the world based on the amount of private equity entering the nation. Pakistan has been able to attract a large portion of the global private equity investments because of economic reforms initiated in 2003 that have provided foreign investors with greater assurances for the stability of the nation and their ability to repatriate invested funds in the future. Tariffs have been reduced to an average rate of 16%, with a maximum of 25%. The privatization process, which started in the early 1990s, has gained momentum, with most of the banking system privately owned, and the oil sector targeted to be the next big privatization operation. The recent improvements in the economy and the business environment have been recognized by international rating agencies such as Moodys and Standard and Poors. Society Of Pakistan 3.1 Islam Islam is adept by the majority of Pakistanis and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives, among certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five times a day at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening, Friday is the Muslim holy day. Everything is closed during the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work six hours per day. Fasting includes no eating, drinking, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing. 3.2 The Family The extended family is the basis of the social structure and individual identity; It includes the nuclear family, immediate relatives, distant relatives, tribe members, friends, and neighbors, loyalty to the family comes before other social relationships, even business. Nepotism is viewed positively, since it guarantees hiring people who can be trusted, which is crucial in a country where working with people one knows and trusts is of primary importance. The family is more private than in many other cultures. Female relatives are protected from outside influences. It is considered inappropriate to ask questions about a Pakistanis wife or other female relatives. Families are quite large by western standards, often having up to 6 children. 3.3 Hierarchical Society Pakistan is a hierarchical society. People are respected because of their age and position. Older people are viewed as wise and are granted respect. In a social situation, they are served first and their drinks may be poured for them. Elders are introduced first, are provided with the choicest cuts of meat, and in general are treated much like royalty. Pakistanis expect the most senior person, by age or position, to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group. Titles are very important and denote respect. It is expected that you will use a persons title and their surname until invited to use their first name. 3.4 Population density in Pakistan The Population density in Pakistan was last reported at 225.19 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012. Density of Population is defined as the number of persons per square kilometre. It is an important index of population which shows concentration of population in a particular area. That is, Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. According to present census, Karachi Division is the most densely populated division in Pakistan. Its density of population is more than 2000 persons per square kilometer. Baluchistan province is the largest according to area, but it is thinnest according to population. 3.5 Education Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels: primary which grades one through five; middle which grades six through eight; high which grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate; intermediate which grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate; and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees. All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the provincial governments. The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research. English medium education is to be extended, on a phased basis, to all schools across the country. Through various educational reforms, by the year 2015, the ministry of education expects to attain 100% enrolment levels amongst primary school aged children, and a literacy rate of 86% amongst people aged over 10. According to the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2010-11 and last PSLM 2008-09, the literacy rate for the population (10 years and above) is 58 percent during 2010-11, as compared to 57 percent in 2008-09 . Literacy remains much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and much higher for men than for women. Province wise data suggest that Punjab leads with 60 percent literacy followed by Sindh with 59 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with 50 percent and Balochistan with 41 percent. The Gross Enrolment Rates at the primary level excluding katchi for the age group 5-9 years at National level during 2010-11 increased slightly to 92 percent from 91 percent in 2008-09. Amongst the provinces, Punjab shows a marginal increase from 97 percent in 2008-09 to 98 percent in 2010-11. Sindh remained stable with 84 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa improved from 87 percent to 89 percent and Balochistan declined slightly from 75 percent to 74 percent in 2010-11. The Net primary level enrolment rates at the National/Provincial level for the age group 5-9 years. The NER at the National level during 2010-11 slightly decreased to 56 percent from 57 percent in 2008-09. Punjab shows a decrease from 62 percent in 2008-09 to 61 percent in 2010-11. Sindh also shows decrease from 54 percent to 53 percent in 2010-2011, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa witnessed a decrease from 52 percent to 51 percent and Balochistan improved from 44 percent in 2008-9 to 47 percent in 2010-11. The overall number of enrolments during 2010-11 were 39900.3 thousands as compared to 38202.0 thousands during the same period last year. This shows an increase of 4.4 percent. It is estimated to increase to 41596.5 thousands during 2011-12. The number of institutes stood at 227.8 thousand during 2010-11 as compared to 228.4 thousand during the same period 2009-10. However, the number is estimated to increase to 228.3 thousand during 2011-12. The number of teachers during 2010-11 were 1409.4 thousand as compared to 1386.1 thousand during the same period 2009-10 showing an increase of 1.7 percent. This number is estimated to increase further to 1445.0 thousand during the year 2011-12. A total of 134,118 youth received vocational and technical training under the Presidents Funni Maharat Programme and Prime Ministers Hunermand Pakistan Programme. HEC is also playing its role in running different scholarship programmes to enhance the academic qualification at various levels on merit basis in line with requirement. During the period 2008-12 a number of 3996 scholarships were awarded under different programmes,3572 scholars proceeded to avail these programmes on merit basis and a number of 1650 scholars completed their studies. 3.6 Rural Society Pakistan is an agriculture country and 80% of its people form the rural population of the country. The villages, towns and small cities form the rural areas of Pakistan. Their main profession is cultivation and ploughing. The entire population of Pakistan is scattered and resides in villages, towns and big cities. They pursue different professions to earn their livelihood. Village is the most important and pivotal centre of rural life of Pakistan. Our villages badly lack in civic amenities. There is no proper system of drainage. The drinking water and electricity are not available in a large number of our villages. There are no hospitals, schools, post offices and markets in most of the villages making the life difficult and unhygienic. The village population, due to the difficult living environs in the villages, keeps on migrating to urban areas where better facilities of social life and brighter chances of earning sustenance are available. However, the Government is very much alive to the problems of rural areas. The Government is making sincere endeavours to improve the conditions of rural areas. Modern facilities of health and communication are being provided in the rural areas. Roads, dispensaries, schools, post offices and shopping centres have been provided at Government level. The facility of drinking water and electricity has been made available to a number of villages. 3.7 Urban Society Urban areas in Pakistan completely differ from rural areas in the life pattern. The urban areas are the centre of social life with greater facilities and amenities of life. The urban population of Pakistan represents about a third of the total. Two cities have a dominating position Karachi and Lahore. Since the 1960s, government policy has been directed towards the dispersal of industry, which had become heavily concentrated in Karachi. As a consequence, urban growth has been more evenly distributed among several cities. Rapid and unplanned urban expansion has been parallel by deterioration in living conditions, particularly in the housing conditions of lower income groups. Many urban households are unable to pay rent for the cheapest form of available housing and live in makeshift shacks. Water supply and sewerage system are inadequate, and in many areas residents have to share communal water taps. Inadequate urban transport is also a major problem. The urban areas, unlike rural areas, are well-planned and well-built with modern residential colonies. The big cities, which form the portion of our urban areas, are the centers of high modern education. A large number of prestigious educational institutions are situated in the big cities which attract the students from all parts of the country. The urban areas have become the centre of social activity because of their multifarious aspects of social life. The industrial progress and the location of Government and other departments in the urban areas have made these areas prosperous and progressing. 3.8 Difference between Rural and Urban Society of Pakistan Function Villages and towns differ in function. Villages are usually engaged in primary activities, including farming, animal keeping, lumbering, fishing etc. Towns are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities, like manufacturing, trade, transport, telecommunications, education, medical treatment and other activities. However, these two sets of activities are not exclusively confined to rural and urban areas. Shops, transportation services, educational and medical facilities are found in rural areas, too. Similarly, there are vegetable fields within Karachi, Lahore and other major cities. It is more a question of the predominance of one set of activities over the other. As a consequence, the line of distinction between a small town and a large village is difficult to determine. Lifestyle Some specialists believe that lifestyle is a distinguishing feature of villages and towns. According to them, close contact with other members of the community is a distinctive feature of rural life. The inhabitants of a village, for example, usually know each other personally. In urban areas, on the other hand, relationships tend to be impersonal; urban areas are so highly populated that most people do not even know who their neighbours are. This is case in large urban centres like Karachi. However, even in places like Karachi, there are pockets in the city where people who belong to the same community or village live. In such areas people know each other and have closer contact with their neighbours. In small towns, which are in reality overgrown villages, most people known one another as well. It is also argued that while village life is traditional, urban life is rational. This is not entirely the case in Pakistan. Most of the urban population in Pakistan has a strong rural background. Although the use of urban facilities changes their way of living, it does not change their way of thinking much. In Pakistan, the lifestyles of the rich and poor differ far more than the lifestyles of city and village dwellers. The objective application of lifestyle as a factor for distinguishing between villages and towns is therefore difficult. Population Another factor used to distinguish between villages and towns is population. Although this criterion is applied in many countries, there is no agreement on size. In Canada, for example, a settlement with a population of more than 1,000 is considered urban, in Japan more than 30,000 and in Pakistan, 5,000. In Pakistan, a settlement can also call itself a town if it has a two committee or cantonment that controls electricity, the water supply and drainage. For example, Ziarat in Balochistan had a population of 619 in 1998, but it was still classified as a town because it had these amenities. However, there are only ten towns with populations of less than 5,000 out of a total 478 urban centres in Pakistan. 3.9 The Status of Women in Pakistan In Pakistan the story of a womans deprivations start even before her birth, where most of the girl fetuses are aborted. The lucky ones who survive are mostly unwanted children. Their life is a journey of subordination. While being very young her parents, grandparents, elder family females, family males, and brothers decide for them on matters ranging from the very thinking to decisions and choices. The most women in Pakistan do not have any choices starting from choice meals to choice males. Before marriages they are under strict watching eyes and are always thought doubtful in character especially when ones are school going, smiling on other males. In this secondary status treatment and doubts their marriages are arranged by the families. After marriage, her husband and her in-laws get hold of her reins and decide matters on her behalf; like shall she or shall she not have a child every year, or whether she would produce only boys, or whether she can seek independent employment and so on. Finally when she becomes old and her husband gets weak or may have gone already, it is her son or sons who decide her fate in the declining years of her life. As if this is not enough, the whole society acts as an oppressor, browbeating her into obedience. Thus, the word woman in Pakistan is synonymous with endurance. She is simply forced to accept certain bare facts of life once she grows up to be a woman. Be it on streets, or for that matter in restaurants, a woman is first and foremost required to be alert. It is best to try and not notice, women are told. According to Hina Jilani, Lawyer and Human Rights Activist, the right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions. In addition to that, women in Pakistan face all kinds of gross violence and abuse at the hands of the male perpetrators, family members, and state agents. Multiple forms of violence include rape, domestic abuse as spousal murder, mutilation, burning and disfiguring faces by acid, beatings, ritual honor-killings, and custodial abuse and torture. According to a report by Amnesty International, several hundred women and girls die each year in so-called honor-killings in Pakistan, in a backdrop to government inaction. She is killed like a bird in family feuds to create evidence of illicit connections and cover them under the garb of grave and sudden provocation to escape severe punishment. The practice of Summary-killing of a woman suspected of an illicit liaison, known as Karo Kari in Sindh and Balochistan, is known to occur in all parts of the country. Karis (the females suspected of illicit relationships), remain dishonored even after death. Their bodies are thrown in rivers or buried in special hidden Kari graveyards. Nobody mourns for them or honors their memory by performing their relevant rights. Karos (the males suspected of illicit relationships), by contrast are reportedly buried in the communal graveyards. The promise made by the countrys Chief Executive in April 2000, that all honor killings would be treated as murders has yet to be converted into anything nearing reality. Women who report rape or sexual harassment encounter a series of obstacles. These include not only the police, who resist filing their claims and misreport their statements but also the medico-legal doctors, who focus more on their virginity status and lack the training and expertise to conduct adequate examinations. Furthermore, women who file charges open themselves up to the possibility of being prosecuted for illicit sex if they fail to prove rape under the 1979 Hudood Ordinance which criminalizes adultery and fornication. As a result, when women victims of violence resort to the judicial system for redress, they are more likely to find further abuse and victimization. As far as domestic violence is concerned, it is the most under-reported crime because it is generally condoned by social customs and considered as a private family matter. Culture Of Pakistan After the independence from Great Britain in 1947, took part of the land of India and created Pakistan as a separate Islamic nation its estimated that approximately 97 percent of population are Muslim but members of several minority religions live there including Hindus, Sikhs, parsi, and Buddhists. Culture of Pakistan is very diverse it stems it stems from the fact that what is now Pakistan has in the past been invaded and occupied by many people like as the white Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and various others groups. There are different in culture of Pakistan. Its among the different ethnic groups in matters in their dress food and religion and also pre Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Pakistan is the first region of south Asia to receive the full impact of Islam and developed Islamic identity. Pakistan geography is the mixture of south Asia, central Asia and west Asia so the culture of Pakistan is unique then the

Social Performance with regards to Business Ethics and Labor

Social Performance with regards to Business Ethics and Labor Marriott International Introduction When companies strike an outstanding social performance, the community tends to remember the significance of the companys management and operation. Marriott International Incorporation is recognised as one of the top leading hospitality industry with over 6000 hotels in 120 countries worldwide (Marriott 2017). Marriotts success comes from their core values, where they believe people comes first and by providing excellent customer service, it will keep the business consistent. This essay will discuss the negative and positive aspect of Marriotts social performance and examine the impact of its performance upon society and particular stakeholders. The involved stakeholders in this essay are hotel owners, employees, customers, and suppliers. This essay will also highlight Marriotts achievements for embracing diversity and its required improvement on forced unionisation for the workers. This essay will conclude on evaluating Marriotts social performance as a whole with regards if it succ essfully fulfilled societys expectation and on how the company operates when confronted with labor issues. A labor case against Marriott International Many hospitality industries are currently facing challenges to maintain its position in this competitive market. A labor issue that occurred in 2002 made Marriott faced an adverse effect for the companys development. It broke a promise of its vision statement, where which emphasise its employees should be provided an opportunity to work and feel welcomed to Marriott (Sorenson 2013). In 2001, a case disclosed that Marriott International wanted to secure two of its flagship hotels, Marriott Marquis and Marriott Financial Centre in New York City union free whilst, the less-known Marriott-managed properties were proposed to be an unionised workforce (Randles 2013). Marriott formed this secret agreement with its hotel workers union in New York and was sued for over $500 million by a hotel owner (Voris 2013). In early 2001, the former hotel owner, Madison 92nd Street Associates LLC, of Courtyard by Marriott Madison East (Randles 2013) had a business interest that involves a management agreement with Marriott to manage Madisons hotels under the Courtyard Marriott name (Meyer 2015). However, at that same period of time, Madison was uninformed about the ongoing secret agreement Marriott had with its New York hotel workers union. When Courtyard was opened for business in 2002, Courtyard hotel was classified as a union workforce. According to the lawsuit, Madison had assumptions with regards to the management agreement, where Madison thought Courtyard would have been declared as a non-unionised workforce due to the fact that Marriott was known as a union-free workforce company (Longstrerth 2013). As a result of Courtyard employees unionsised, the post effects were reported that there was an increase in labor and operating costs (Randles 2013). Labor costs are the biggest expense for hotel managers. Hence, Courtyard started facing bad financial performance annually as there was an increase in $2 million on the companys operating costs (Longstrerth 2013). Courtyards economic development was unstable as the hotel started losing big amounts of revenues and profits. By 2011, Courtyards managers faced a bankruptcy phase and were desperate for bankruptcy protection (Voris 2014). With the labor unionisation agreement, it led to a drastic impact on Courtyards stakeholders. The workers were obliged to union work rules and policies, where they faced any form of heavy labor, while being subjected to poor working environment (Randles 2013). Certain union policies had effects on the satisfaction of its workers and produced low work quality. According to the lawsuit, workers in New York pro perties (Randles 2013) experienced the benefit as a union-free workforce and gained competitive advantage. The unequal treatment of its stakeholders in different hotel properties showed a misstep to reflect its social responsibility, which was ensuring its employees are comfortable at work. Marriott disregarded its commitment to ethical business practices and neglected their Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility. Marriott Internationals Business Ethics and Cultural Diversity In todays business climate, every hospitality company aims to create a positive impact on its employees, suppliers, hotel owners and society. Due to higher expectations from society, hospitality industries that are unable to reach its customer satisfactory level could potentially lead to poor business. However, at Marriott International, the company strongly believes its stakeholders should be valued as Marriots first priority and to always feel welcomed (Marriott 2017). The establishment of Formal Diversity Programs on 1989 (Marriott 2015) has made a significant development upon the businesss company today. The outcome from these Supplier Diversity Programs, called Exchanges has shaped Marriott into a diversified hospitality industry, which provides working opportunities predominantly for minorities, women and people with disabilities (Wiggins 2016). By 2002, Marriott observed progress from their Supplier Diversity Programs, where $150 million of its total procurement was spent from Marriott with minority and women business suppliers. (PR Newswire 2003). The connection between Marriotts identity and procurement has an important part for the companys reputation. Marriott is known for strong work ethics with deeply rooted values, where they respect differences and embraces inclusiveness (Marriott 2017). The companys procurement strategy should then follow that ethical identity. At Marriott, suppliers play an essential role as it provides the products and services customers expect. Suppliers that uphold different values and principles from Marriott would face difficulty cooperating with them. Marriott believes a strong connection with its suppliers will maintain a substantial business liaison between stakeholders while receiving economic growth and a positive image for the company. According to Marriotts sustainability report, for nearly 9 years, Supplier Diversity Programs has spent approximately $4.5 billion with diverse suppliers, starting from 2003 until 2014 (Marriott 2015). The National Minority Supplier Developmental Council, US Hispanic, National Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce, and the Womens Business Enterprise National Council are some of the 4000 diverse organisations that are currently in partnership with Marriott (Marriott 2017). Throughout Marriotts business years, the company has been constantly recognised for its ethical business standard. With unity in his heart, the Executive Chairman, J.W Bill Marriott, Jr. has earned the Hospitality Industry Diversity Institute (HIDI) award on February 11, 2002 (PR Newswire 2003). From Marriotts business approach on promoting diversity and value inclusion, its associates was known for their work and was honored with the J.W. Marriott, Jr. Diversity Excellence Award (Marriot 2017). Recently, Great Place to Work ® and Fortune acknowledged Marriott for being one of the 50 best workplaces for diversity (Wiggins 2016). The foundation of Marriotts success revolves around its dedication to a global diverse workforce and its superior business ethics. For 25 years, Marriott has formally devoted its company towards diversity and inclusion and for 10 years of this commitment was also executed by the Board Committee (Sorenson 2013). Marriott was founded under the philosophy that (Marriot 2012) the value for its guests comes from the value Marriott gives towards its employees. Marriotts culture made a magnetic impact upon its stakeholders, especially to its customers and society. It attracts its guests to keep coming back to Marriott hotels and the company earns recommendation from our loyalty guests to other new guests. Good ethical policies enable its customers to form long lasting business relations with Marriott and the company will then gain strong loyalties with its stakeholders.

vikings Essay example -- essays research papers

Vikings In Control They were fierce, heartless Barbarians who Seized and looted many European lands from the 800’s to 1000’s. They made their sneaky attacks at the crack of dawn killing anyone who came axe length away. Including innocent babies defenseless children of all ages, and helpless women. ( The Celebration Program) During their time, these people never called themselves â€Å"Vikings.† This name isn’t even meant to be the name or a group, but an activity. The base word vik was simply another name for a pirate. Therefore, to go a-viking meant to fight as a warrior. The Northmen, which is another name for Vikings, lived in small communities that were ruled by either a king or a chief. People were divided into three classes being noble, freeman, or slaves. The nobles were usually considered Kings because they were people who were wealthy. The freemen were farmers, merchants and people who served the ruler. Last, but not least slaves were Scandinavians whose ancestors had been enslaved. (The Celebration Program) Even though Vikings are addressed by one very large group, there are actually three kinds of Vikings. They are Norwegian, Swedish and Danish. The Norwegian Vikings were actually the group that began the raids in Lindisfarne in 793. They raided England, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. Because of Ireland’s fertile farms, rich churches and monasteries, it was a big target. Norwegian pirate chief Turgeis attacked Ireland from 839 ...

Religion and Coming of Age in Olive Ann Burns’ Novel, Cold Sassy Tree E

Religion and Coming of Age in Olive Ann Burns’ Novel, Cold Sassy Tree In the small southern town of Cold Sassy, Georgia, at the turn of the twentieth century, teenage boys had to grow up fast. They were not in any way sheltered from the daily activities of the town. This was especially true for fourteen year old Will Tweedy. Olive Ann Burns’ first, and only completed novel, Cold Sassy Tree, tells of young Will’s coming-of-age. His experiences with religion, progress, and death in Cold Sassy escorted him along the path to manhood. During the early 1900s, the south was full of religious fervor. Most small communities were based around two or three church families. Cold Sassy Tree, which is a recounting of Will’s memories, contains many references to religion and God. Rucker Blakeslee,...

Field Trip Report: Arbi Falls Essay

The second field trip for Batch No: 1 on 30.01.2013 was to a water fall named â€Å"Arbi water-falls†. Our bus left us on the top of the plateau of Dasrath Nagar from where we had to walk down the steep slope of the plateau to get to the fields. We had to cross a swift stream of water which was very transparent and cold. We walked through the dykes, sort of no-man’s land made out of mud marking the boundary of two fields. Adjacent to the farmer’s house, which our sir described to over a hundred years old, was a well and a temple which was a special temple as there were big trees and people pray lord Vishnu in his cobra incarnation. It was also said to us that the people over there worship ‘Nagaraj’. We crossed a large number of bamboo barricades to visit the surrounding paddy fields, anywhere my eyes went I could only see greenery spread. The fields were quiet dense and we walked inside the canopy of large trees. After examining the nature around the place we headed towards the falls by the same way from which we entered. In few minutes we could cross the stream and reached the small road which headed us to the foothills of the falls. We had to cross the slippery rocks and thorny bushes to reach the top. We could also see the natural pores on the ground from where the water was oozing out very quickly and the natural water was really very pure and cold. We crossed the small valleys full of bushes and slippery rocks. Algae had grown on all the sharp edges and corners of the rocks, making it much more slippery. At last we reached the top of the falls to land on a barren field. There were houses all around that place. We took few pictures and left that place to board our bus. OBJECTIVE:- â€Å"To study a wetland ecosystem and observe the flora and fauna around Manipal.† LOCATION:- Co-ordinates: 13 °20’11†³N 74 °47’36†³E FLORA AND FAUNA:- Having a wide range of flora and fauna, the southern side of Manipal, frankly, is full of greenery. With a host bird species, butterflies, insects, snakes, cattle and other such animal species, the Dasrath Nagar area of Manipal can also boast about its variety in flora with a range of trees, ‘Acacia’, ‘Cashew’, etc. being the primary ones. PROBLEMS FACED BY LOCAL FARMERS:- Lack of labour Pests destroying their products Insufficient water supply Not much profitable farming PROBABLE SOLUTIONS:- Government should give machines and more mechanized products to the farmers in less cost so that they can use those and produce efficiently without the labour present. Pesticides and similar products should be given to the farmers in less costs so that they can use it efficiently on their fields, water supply can be enhanced by making well, use of motors to suck water from the falls and distribute to their fields. CONCLUSION:- It is a recently discovered waterfall near Manipal Lake. This waterfall is active only through the months of August to November, during the monsoon season. Recently this waterfall has come in the spotlight. Hence, a lot of people and Manipal University (MU) students have started coming here. Due to this increase of people, the waterfall and the nearby areas have started getting polluted. People living near the waterfall complain that visitors come and throw plastic bottles, chips wrappers and garbage near the fall.

Steam Jet Refrigeration Cycle

Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551– 561 www. elsevier. com/locate/cep Evaluation of steam jet ejectors Hisham El-Dessouky *, Hisham Ettouney, Imad Alatiqi, Ghada Al-Nuwaibit Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait Uni6ersity, P. O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait Received 4 April 2001; received in revised form 26 September 2001; accepted 27 September 2001 Abstract Steam jet ejectors are an essential part in refrigeration and air conditioning, desalination, petroleum re? ning, petrochemical and chemical industries.The ejectors form an integral part of distillation columns, condensers and other heat exchange processes. In this study, semi-empirical models are developed for design and rating of steam jet ejectors. The model gives the entrainment ratio as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressures of the entrained vapor, motive steam and compressed vapor. Also, correlations are developed for the motive steam pressure a t the nozzle exit as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures and the area ratios as a function of the entrainment ratio and the stream pressures. This allows for full design of the ejector, where de? ing the ejector load and the pressures of the motive steam, evaporator and condenser gives the entrainment ratio, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the cross section areas of the diffuser and the nozzle. The developed correlations are based on large database that includes manufacturer design data and experimental data. The model includes correlations for the choked ? ow with compression ratios above 1. 8. In addition, a correlation is provided for the non-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8. The values of the coef? cient of determination (R 2) are 0. 85 and 0. 78 for the choked and non-choked ? w correlations, respectively. As for the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios, all have R 2 values above 0. 99.  © 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Steam jet ejectors; Choked ? ow; Heat pumps; Thermal vapor compression 1. Introduction Currently, most of the conventional cooling and refrigeration systems are based on mechanical vapor compression (MVC). These cycles are powered by a high quality form of energy, electrical energy. The inef? cient use of the energy required to operate such a process can be generated by the combustion of fossil uels and thus contributes to an increase in greenhouse gases and the generation of air pollutants, such as NOx, SOx, particulates and ozone. These pollutants have adverse effects on human health and the environment. In addition, MVC refrigeration and cooling cycles use unfriendly chloro-? oro-carbon compounds (CFCs), which, upon release, contributes to the destruction of the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. * Corresponding author. Tel. : + 965-4811188Ãâ€"5613; fax: + 9654839498. E -mail address: [email  pro tected] kuniv. edu. kw (H. El-Dessouky). Environmental considerations and the need for ef? cient se of available energy call for the development of processes based on the use of low grade heat. These processes adopt entrainment and compression of low pressure vapor to higher pressures suitable for different systems. The compression process takes place in absorption, adsorption, chemical or jet ejector vapor compression cycles. Jet ejectors have the simplest con? guration among various vapor compression cycles. In contrast to other processes, ejectors are formed of a single unit connected to tubing of motive, entrained and mixture streams. Also, ejectors do not include valves, rotors or other moving parts and are available ommercially in various sizes and for different applications. Jet ejectors have lower capital and maintenance cost than the other con? gurations. On the other hand, the main drawbacks of jet ejectors include the following: ? Ejectors are designed to operate at a sin gle optimum point. Deviation from this optimum results in dramatic deterioration of the ejector performance. 0255-2701/02/$ – see front matter  © 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 2 5 5 – 2 7 0 1 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 7 6 – 3 552 ? H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 Ejectors have very low thermal ef? iency. Applications of jet ejectors include refrigeration, air conditioning, removal of non-condensable gases, transport of solids and gas recovery. The function of the jet ejector differs considerably in these processes. For example, in refrigeration and air conditioning cycles, the ejector compresses the entrained vapor to higher pressure, which allows for condensation at a higher temperature. Also, the ejector entrainment process sustains the low pressure on the evaporator side, which allows evaporation at low temperature. As a result, the cold evaporator ? uid can be used for refrigeration an d cooling functions.As for the removal of non-condensable gases in heat transfer units, the ejector entrainment process prevents their accumulation within condensers or evaporators. The presence of non-condensable gases in heat exchange units reduces the heat transfer ef? ciency and increases the condensation temperature because of their low thermal conductivity. Also, the presence of these gases enhances corrosion reactions. However, the ejector cycle for cooling and refrigeration has lower ef? ciency than the MVC units, but their merits are manifested upon the use of low grade energy that has limited effect on the environment and lower ooling and heating unit cost. Although the construction and operation principles of jet ejectors are well known, the following sections provide a brief summary of the major features of ejectors. This is necessary in order to follow the discussion and analysis that follow. The conventional steam jet ejector has three main parts: (1) the nozzle; (2) t he suction chamber; and (3) the diffuser (Fig. 1). The nozzle and the diffuser have the geometry of converging/diverging venturi. The diameters and lengths of various parts forming the nozzle, the diffuser and the suction chamber, together with the stream ? ow rate and properties, de? e the ejector capacity and performance. The ejector capacity is de? ned in terms of the ? ow rates of the motive steam and the entrained vapor. The sum of the motive and entrained vapor mass ? ow rates gives the mass ? ow rate of the compressed vapor. As for the ejector performance, it is de? ned in terms of entrainment, expansion and compression ratios. The entrainment ratio (w ) is the ? ow rate of the entrained vapor Fig. 1. Variation in stream pressure and velocity as a function of location along the ejector. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 divided by the flow rate of the motive steam.As for the expansion ratio (Er), it is de? ned as the ratio of the motive steam pressure to the entrained vapor pressure. The compression ratio (Cr) gives the pressure ratio of the compressed vapor to the entrained vapor. Variations in the stream velocity and pressure as a function of location inside the ejector, which are shown in Fig. 1, are explained below: ? The motive steam enters the ejector at point (p ) with a subsonic velocity. ? As the stream ? ows in the converging part of the ejector, its pressure is reduced and its velocity increases. The stream reaches sonic velocity at the nozzle throat, where its Mach number is equal to one. The increase in the cross section area in the diverging part of the nozzle results in a decrease of the shock wave pressure and an increase in its velocity to supersonic conditions. ? At the nozzle outlet plane, point (2), the motive steam pressure becomes lower than the entrained vapor pressure and its velocity ranges between 900 and 1200 m/s. ? The entrained vapor at point (e ) enters the ejector, wher e its velocity increases and its pressure decreases to that of point (3). ? The motive steam and entrained vapor streams may mix within the suction chamber and the converging section of the diffuser or it may ? ow as two separate treams as it enters the constant cross section area of the diffuser, where mixing occurs. ? In either case, the mixture goes through a shock inside the constant cross section area of the diffuser. The shock is associated with an increase in the mixture pressure and reduction of the mixture velocity to subsonic conditions, point (4). The shock occurs because of the back pressure resistance of the condenser. ? As the subsonic mixture emerges from the constant cross section area of the diffuser, further pressure increase occurs in the diverging section of the diffuser, where part of the kinetic energy of the mixture is converted into pressure.The pressure of the emerging ? uid is slightly higher than the condenser pressure, point (c ). Summary for a number of literature studies on ejector design and performance evaluation is shown in Table 1. The following outlines the main ? ndings of these studies: ? Optimum ejector operation occurs at the critical condition. The condenser pressure controls the location of the shock wave, where an increase in the condenser pressure above the critical point results in a rapid decline of the ejector entrainment ratio, since the shock wave moves towards the nozzle exit.Operating at pressures below the critical points has negligible effect on the ejector entrainment ratio. 553 ? At the critical condition, the ejector entrainment ratio increases at lower pressure for the boiler and condenser. Also, higher temperature for the evaporator increases the entrainment ratio. ? Use of a variable position nozzle can maintain the optimum conditions for ejector operation. As a result, the ejector can be maintained at critical conditions even if the operating conditions are varied. ? Multi-ejector system increases the operating range and improves the overall system ef? ciency. Ejector modeling is essential for better understanding of the compression process, system design and performance evaluation. Models include empirical correlations, such as those by Ludwig [1], Power [2] and El-Dessouky and Ettouney [3]. Such models are limited to the range over which it was developed, which limits their use in investigating the performance of new ejector ? uids, designs or operating conditions. Semi-empirical models give more ? exibility in ejector design and performance evaluation [4,5]. Other ejector models are based on fundamental balance equations [6]. This study is motivated by the need for a simple mpirical model that can be used to design and evaluate the performance of steam jet ejectors. The model is based on a large database extracted from several ejector manufacturers and a number of experimental literature studies. As will be discussed later, the model is simple to use and it eliminates the need for iterative procedures. 2. Mathematical model The review by Sun and Eames [7] outlined the developments in mathematical modeling and design of jet ejectors. The review shows that there are two basic approaches for ejector analysis. These include mixing of the motive steam and entrained vapor, either at constant ressure or at constant area. Design models of stream mixing at constant pressure are more common in literature because the performance of the ejectors designed by this method is more superior to the constant area method and it compares favorably against experimental data. The basis for modeling the constant pressure design procedure was initially developed by Keenan [6]. Subsequently, several investigators have used the model for design and performance evaluation of various types of jet ejectors. This involved a number of modi? cations in the model, especially losses within the ejector and mixing of the primary and secondary streams.In this section, the constant pressure e jector model is developed. The developed model is based on a number of literature studies [8 – 11]. The constant pressure model is based on the following assumptions: H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 554 Table 1 Summary of literature studies on ejector design and performance Reference Fluid Boiler, evaporator and condenser temperature ( °C) Conclusion [19] R-113 60–100; 5–18; 40–50 Basis for refrigerant selection for solar system, system performance increased with increasing boiler and evaporator temperatures and decreasing condenser temperature. 20] R-113; R-114; R-142b; R-718 80–95; 5–13; 25–45 Comparison of ejector and refrigerant performance. Dry, wet and isentropic ?uids. Wet ? uid damage ejectors due phase change during isentropic expansion. R-113 (dry) has the best performance and R142b (wet) has the poorest performance. [21,22] R-114 86; ? 8; 30 Increase in ejector perfo rmance using mechanical compression booster. [8] Water 120–140; 5–10; 30–65 Choking of the entrained ? uid in the mixing chamber affects system performance. Maximum COP is obtained at the critical ? ow condition. [13] Water 120–140; 5–10; 30–60Effect of varying the nozzle position to meet operating condition. Increase in COP and cooling capacity by 100%. [23] R-113 70–100; 6–25; 42–50 Entrainment ratio is highly affected by the condenser temperature especially at low evaporator temperature. [24] R-11 82. 2–182. 2; 10; 43. 3 Entrainment ratio is proportional to boiler temperature. [25,26] R-114 90; 4; 30 Combined solar generator and ejector air conditioner. More ef? cient system requires multi-ejector and cold energy storage (cold storage in either phase changing materials, cold water or ice). [27] R-134A 15; 30 Modeling the effect of motive nozzle on system performance, in which the ejector is used to recover part of the work that would be lost in the expansion valve using high-pressure motive liquid. [28] Water 100–165; 10; 30–45 Combined solar collector, refrigeration and seawater desalination system. Performance depends on steam pressure, cooling water temperature and suction pressure. [4] Water [29] Water – Model of multistage steam ejector refrigeration system using annular ejector in which the primary ? uid enters the second stage at annular nozzle on the sidewall.This will increase static pressure for low-pressure stream and mixture and reduce the velocity of the motive stream and reduce jet mixing losses shock wave formation losses. [24] R11; R113; R114 93. 3; 10; 43. 3 Measure and calculate ejector entrainment ratio as a function of boiler, condenser and evaporator temperatures. Entrainment ratio decreases for off design operation and increases for the two stage ejectors. [30] R113; R114; R142b 120–140; 65–80 Effect of throat area, location of main nozzle and length of the constant area section on backpressure, entrainment ratio and compression ratio.Developed a new ejector theory in which the entrained ? uid is choked, the plant scale results agree with this theory. Steam jet refrigeration should be designed for the most often prevailing conditions rather than the most severe to achieve greater overall ef? ciency. [5] Mathematical model use empirical parameters that depend solely on geometry. The parameters are obtained experimentally for various types of ejectors. [31] R134a 5; ? 12, ? 18; 40 Combined ejector and mechanical compressor for operation of domestic refrigerator-freezer increases entrainment ratio from 7 to 12. 4%. The optimum throat diameter depends on the freezer emperature [9] R11; HR-123 80; 5; 30 Performance of HR-123 is similar to R-11 in ejector refrigeration. Optimum performance is achieved by the use of variable geometry ejector when operation conditions change. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineer ing and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 1. The motive steam expands isentropically in the nozzle. Also, the mixture of the motive steam and the entrained vapor compresses isentropically in the diffuser. 2. The motive steam and the entrained vapor are saturated and their velocities are negligible. 3. Velocity of the compressed mixture leaving the ejector is insigni? cant. 4.Constant isentropic expansion exponent and the ideal gas behavior. 5. The mixing of motive steam and the entrained vapor takes place in the suction chamber. 6. The ? ow is adiabatic. 7. Friction losses are de? ned in terms of the isentropic ef? ciencies in the nozzle, diffuser and mixing chamber. 8. The motive steam and the entrained vapor have the same molecular weight and speci? c heat ratio. 9. The ejector ? ow is one-dimensional and at steady state conditions. The model equations include the following: ? Overall material balance (2) Expansion ratio ? ‘ 2pn k? 1   Pp P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 Pe P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 (6) M*2 + wM*2Te/Tp p e ‘ M 2(k + 1) M 2(k ? 1) + 2 (8) Eq. (8) is used to calculate M*2, M*2, M4 e p Mach number of the mixed ? ow after the shock wave 2 M2+ 4 (k ? 1) M5 = (9) 2k 2 M ? 1 (k ? 1) 4 Pressure increase across the shock wave at point 4 (10) In Eq. (10) the constant pressure assumption implies that the pressure between points 2 and 4 remains constant. Therefore, the following equality constraint applies P2 = P3 = P4. Pressure lift in the diffuser  n Pc p (k ? 1) 2 =d M5+1 P5 2 ? (5) ? (k/k ? 1) (11) where pd is the diffuser ef? ciency. The area of the nozzle throat A1 = where M is the Mach number, P is the pressure and is the isentropic expansion coef? cient. In the above equation, pn is the nozzle ef? ciency and is de? ned as the ratio between the actual enthalpy change and the enthalpy change undergone during an isentropic process. Isentropic expansion of the entrained ? uid in the suction chamber is expressed in terms of the Mach number of the entrai ned ? uid at the nozzle exit plane   P5 1 + kM 2 4 = P4 1 + kM 2 5 (4) Isentropic expansion of the primary ? uid in the nozzle is expressed in terms of the Mach number of the primary ? uid at the nozzle outlet plane Mp2 = ? ? (3) Er = Pp/Pe ? ? 2 k? 1 (7) (1 + w )(1 + wTe/Tp) here w is the entrainment ratio and M * is the ratio between the local ? uid velocity to the velocity of sound at critical conditions. The relationship between M and M * at any point in the ejector is given by this equation M* = Compression ratio Cr = Pc/Pe ? ? ‘ The mixing process is modeled by one-dimensional continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are combined to de? ne the critical Mach number of the mixture at point 5 in terms of the critical Mach number for the primary and entrained ?uids at point 2 M* = 4 where m is the mass ? ow rate and the subscripts c, e and p, de? ne the compressed vapor mixture, the ntrained vapor and the motive steam or primary stream. Entrainment ratio w = me/mp ? ? (1) mp + me = mc ? Me2 = 555 mp Pp ‘ RTp k + 1 kpn 2 (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (12) The area ratio of the nozzle throat and diffuser constant area        A1 Pc 1 = A3 Pp (1 + w )(1 + w (Te/Tp)) P2 1/k P (k ? 1)/k 1/2 1? 2 Pc Pc 2 1/(k ? 1) 2 1/2 1? k+1 k+1 1/2 (13) H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 556 ? The area ratio of the nozzle throat and the nozzle outlet A2 = A1 ‘  1 2 (k ? 1) 2 1+ M p2 2 M p2 (k + 1 2  ? (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (14) ? 3. Solution procedure ?Two solution procedures for the above model are shown in Fig. 2. Either procedure requires iterative calculations. The ? rst procedure is used for system design, where the system pressures and the entrainment ratio is de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the pressure of the motive steam at the nozzle outlet (P2) that gives the same back pressure (Pc). The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(a) and it includes the fol lowing steps: ? De? ne the design parameters, which include the entrainment ratio (w ), the ? ow rate of the compressed ? ? ? ? vapor (mc) and the pressures of the entrained vapor, ompressed vapor and motive steam (Pe, Pp, Pc). De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). Calculate the saturation temperatures for the compressed vapor, entrained vapor and motive steam, which include Tc, Tp, Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. The ? ow rates of the entrained vapor (me) and motive steam (mp) are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). A value for the pressure at point 2 (P2) is estimated and Eqs. (5) – (11) are solved sequentially to obtain the ressure of the compressed vapor (Pc). The calculated pressure of the compressed vapor is compared to the design value. A new value for P2 is estimated and the previous step is re peated until the desired value for the pressure of the compressed vapor is reached. Fig. 2. Solution algorithms of the mathematical model. (a) Design procedure to calculate area ratios. (b) Performance evaluation to calculate w. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 ? The ejector cross section areas (A1, A2, A3) and the area ratios (A1/A3 and A2/A1) are calculated from Eqs. (12) – (14).The second solution procedure is used for performance evaluation, where the cross section areas and the entrainment and motive steam pressures are de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the entrainment ratio that de? nes the ejector capacity. The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(b) and it includes the following steps: ? De? ne the performance parameters, which include the cross section areas (A1, A2, A3), the pressures of the entrained vapor (Pe) and the pressure of the primary stream (Pp). ? De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). ? Calculate the saturation temperatures of the primary nd entrained streams, Tp and Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. ? As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. ? Calculate the ? ow rate of the motive steam and the properties at the nozzle outlet, which include mp, P2, Me2, Mp2. These are obtained by solving Eqs. (5), (6), (12) and (14). ? An estimate is made for the entrainment ratio, w. ? This value is used to calculate other system parameters de? ned in Eqs. (7) – (11), which includes M*2, e M*2, M*, M4, M5, P5, Pc. p 4 ? A new estimate for w is obtained from Eq. 13). ? The error in w is determined and a new iteration is made if necessary. ? The ? ow rates of the compressed and entrained vapor are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). 4. Semi-empirical model Development of the semi-empirical model is thought to provide a simple met hod for designing or rating of steam jet ejectors. As shown above, solution of the mathematical model requires an iterative procedure. Also, it is necessary to de? ne values of pn and pd. The values of these ef? ciencies widely differ from one study to another, as shown in Table 2. The semi-empirical model for the steam jet ejector is developed over a wide ange of operating conditions. This is achieved by using three sets of design data acquired from major ejector manufacturers, which includes Croll Reynolds, Graham and Schutte – Koerting. Also, several sets of experimental data are extracted from the literature and are used in the development of the empirical model. The semiempirical model includes a number of correlations to calculate the entrainment ratio (w ), the pressure at the nozzle outlet (P2) and the area ratios in the ejector 557 Table 2 Examples of ejector ef? ciencies used in literature studies Reference [27] [32] [33] [31] [10] [24] [8] [34] pn pd 0. 9 0. 5 0. 7 –1 0. 8–1 0. 85–0. 98 0. 85 0. 75 0. 75 0. 8 0. 85 0. 7–1 0. 8–1 0. 65–0. 85 0. 85 0. 9 pm 0. 8 0. 95 (A2/A1) and (A1/A3). The correlation for the entrainment ratio is developed as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressures of the motive steam, the entrained vapor and the compressed vapor. The correlation for the pressure at the nozzle outlet is developed as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures. The correlations for the ejector area ratios are de? ned in terms of the system pressures and the entrainment ratio. Table 3 shows a summary of the ranges of the experimental and the design data.The table also includes the ranges for the data reported by Power [12]. A summary of the experimental data, which is used to develop the semi-empirical model is shown in Table 4. The data includes measurements by the following investigators: ? Eames et al. [8] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 3 – 6, expansion ratio 160 – 415 and entrainment ratio of 0. 17 – 0. 58. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 90 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Munday and Bagster [4] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 8 – 2, expansion ratio of 356 – 522 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57 – 0. 905.The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 200 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Aphornratana and Eames [13] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 4. 6 – 5. 3, expansion ratio of 309. 4 and entrainment ratio of 0. 11 – 0. 22. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Bagster and Bresnahan [14] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 4 – 3. 4, expansion ratio of 165 – 426 and entrainment ratio of 0. 268 – 0. 42. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 145 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Sun [15] obtained the data for a comp ression ratio of . 06 – 3. 86, expansion ratio of 116 – 220 and entrainment ratio of 0. 28 – 0. 59. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Chen and Sun [16] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 77 – 2. 76, expansion ratio of 1. 7 – 2. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 37 – 0. 62. The measure- H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 558 ments are obtained for an area ratio of 79. 21 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Arnold et al. [17] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 47 – 3. 86, expansion ratio of 29. 7 – 46. , and entrainment ratio of 0. 27 – 0. 5. ? Everitt and Riffat [18] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 37 – 2. 3, expansion ratio of 22. 6 – 56. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57. The correlation for the entrainment ratio of choked ?ow or compression ratios ab ove 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + fP g ) p (h + iP jc) (15) Similarly, the correlation for the entrainment ratio of un-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + f ln(Pp)) (g + h ln(Pc)) (16) vapor compression applications. As shown in Fig. 3, the ? tting result is very satisfactory for entrainment ratios between 0. 2 and 1.This is because the major part of the data is found between entrainment ratios clustered over a range of 0. 2 – 0. 8. Examining the experimental data ? t shows that the major part of the data ? t is well within the correlation predictions, except for a small number of points, where the predictions have large deviations. The correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically. In this regard, the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures are used to solve the mathematical model and to calculate the area ratios and motive steam pressure at the nozzle utlet. The results are obtained for ef? ciencies of 100% for the diffuser, nozzle and mixing and a value of 1. 3 for k. The results are then correlated as a function of the system variables. The following relations give the correlations for the choked ? ow: The constants in Eqs. (15) and (16) are given as follows P2 = 0. 13 P 0. 33P 0. 73 e c (17) A1/A3 = 0. 34 P 1. 09P ? 1. 12w ? 0. 16 c p Entrainment ratio Entrainment ratio correlation choked correlation non-choked ?ow (Eq. (15); Fig. 3) ? ow (Eq. (16), Fig. 4) ?1. 89? 10? 5 ?5. 32 5. 04 9. 05? 10? 2 22. 09 ?6. 13 0. 82 ?3. 37? 10? 5 ? ? 0. 79 a 0. 65 b ?1. 54 c 1. 72 d 6. 9v10? 2 e 22. 82 f 4. 21? 10? 4 g 1. 34 h 9. 32 j 1. 28? 10? 1 j 1. 14 R2 0. 85 A2/A1 = 1. 04 P ? 0. 83 c P 0. 86 p w (18) ? 0. 12 (19) The R 2 for each of the above correlations is above 0. 99. Similarly, the following relations give the correlations for the un-choked ? ow: P2 = 1. 02 P ? 0. 000762P 0. 99 e c (20) A1/A3 = 0. 32 P 1. 11P ? 1. 13w ? 0. 36 c p (21) A2/A1 = 1. 22 P ? 0. 81P 0. 81w ? 0. 0739 c p (22) 2 Fitting results against the design and experimental data are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The results shown in Fig. 3 cover the most commonly used range for steam jet ejectors, especially in vacuum andThe R values for the above three correlations are above 0. 99. The semi-empirical ejector design procedure involves sequential solution of Eqs. (1) – (14) together with Eq. (17) or Eq. (20) (depending on the ? ow type, choked or non-choked). This procedure is not iterative in contrast with the procedure given for the mathematical model in the previous section. As for the semi-empirical performance evaluation model, it involves non-iterative solution of Eqs. (1) – (14) together with Eq. (15) or Eq. (16) for choked or non-choked ? ow, respectively. It should be stressed that both solution procedures are indepen- Table 3Range of design and experimental data used in model devel opment Source Er Cr Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp (kPa) w Experimental Schutte–Koerting Croll–Rynolds Graham Power 1. 4–6. 19 1. 008–3. 73 1. 25–4. 24 1. 174–4. 04 1. 047–5. 018 1. 6–526. 1 1. 36–32. 45 4. 3–429. 4 4. 644–53. 7 2–1000 0. 872–121. 3 66. 85–2100. 8 3. 447–124. 1 27. 58–170. 27 2. 76–172. 37 2. 3–224. 1 790. 8–2859. 22 446. 06–1480. 27 790. 8–1480. 27 3. 72–510. 2 38. 6–1720 84. 09–2132. 27 6. 2–248. 2 34. 47–301. 27 344. 74–2757. 9 0. 11–1. 132 0. 1–4 0. 1818–2. 5 0. 18–3. 23 0. 2–4 H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 559 Table 4Summary of literature experimental data for steam jet ejectors Ad/At Pp (kPa) Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp/Pe Pc/Pe w Reference 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 2 3 1. 23 3. 8 4. 2 4. 7 5. 3 6 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 255. 1 294. 4 3. 09 3. 42 3. 83 4. 31 4. 89 0. 59 0. 54 0. 47 0. 39 0. 31 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 3. 6 4. 1 4. 6 5. 1 5. 7 191. 6 223. 9 260. 7 302. 1 348. 7 3. 47 3. 95 4. 44 4. 91 5. 49 0. 5 0. 42 0. 36 0. 29 0. 23 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 3. 4 3. 7 4. 4 5. 1 5. 4 227. 7 266. 2 309. 8 59 414. 4 3. 89 4. 24 5. 04 5. 85 6. 19 0. 4 0. 34 0. 28 0. 25 0. 18 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 200 834 400 669 841 690 690 1. 59 1. 59 1. 71 1. 59 1. 94 1. 94 3. 2 3. 07 3. 67 3. 51 3. 38 3. 51 521. 7 250. 2 392. 3 526. 1 356 356 2. 0 1. 92 2. 15 2. 19 1. 74 1. 81 0. 58 1. 13 0. 58 0. 51 0. 86 0. 91 [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] 81 270 270 270 270 270 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 4. 1 4. 2 4. 4 4. 5 4. 7 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 4. 7 4. 8 5. 04 5. 16 5. 39 0. 22 0. 19 0. 16 0. 14 0. 11 [13] [13] [13] [13] [13] 145 660 578 516 440 381 312 278 1. 55 1. 55 1. 58 1. 57 1. 59 1. 62 1. 68 5. 3 5. 3 5. 3 5. 03 4. 77 4. 23 4. 1 426. 5 373. 5 326. 280. 6 239. 9 192. 6 165. 1 3. 42 3. 42 3. 36 3. 21 3 2. 61 2. 44 0. 27 0. 31 0. 35 0. 38 0. 42 0. 46 0. 42 [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] 143. 4 169. 2 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 2. 53 2. 67 3. 15 4 4. 75 116. 8 137. 8 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 2. 06 2. 17 2. 56 3. 26 3. 87 0. 59 0. 51 0. 43 0. 35 0. 29 [15] [15] [15] [15] [15] 29. 7 33. 5 37. 8 46. 5 2. 47 2. 78 3. 14 3. 86 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 27 [17] [17] [17] [17] 119. 9 151. 7 224. 1 195. 1 195. 1 186. 2 1. 7 2. 3 3. 9 1. 6 1. 9 2. 9 1. 8 2. 2 3. 3 1. 6 1. 9 2. 8 0. 62 0. 49 0. 34 0. 78 0. 64 0. 37 [16] [16] [16] [16] [16] [16] 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 56. 9 38. 6 22. 6 . 3 1. 9 1. 4 0. 57 0. 56 0. 57 [18] [18] [18] 81 1720 1720 1720 1720 79. 21 116 153 270 198 198 198 57. 9 47. 4 38. 6 57. 7 51. 4 45. 5 37. 01 67. 6 67. 6 67. 6 121. 3 99. 9 67. 6 1. 02 1. 2 1. 7 143 143 143 143 560 H. El -Dessouky et al . / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 wide range of compression, expansion and entrainment ratios, especially those used in industrial applications. The developed correlations are simple and very useful for design and rating calculations, since it can be used to determine the entrainment ratio, which, upon speci? cation of the system load, can be used to determine the motive steam ? w rate and the cross section areas of the ejector. Acknowledgements Fig. 3. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios higher than 1. 8. The authors would like to acknowledge funding support of the Kuwait University Research Administration, Project No. EC084 entitled ‘Multiple Effect Evaporation and Absorption/Adsorption Heat Pumps’. Appendix A. Nomenclature A COP Cr Er m M M* Fig. 4. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios lower than 1. 8. dent of the nozzle and diffuser ef? ciencies, which varies over a wide range, as shown in Table 2. 5. Conclusions A semi-empirical model is developed for design and erformance evaluation of steam jet ejector. The model includes correlations for the entrainment ratio in choked and non-choked ? ow, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios of the ejector. The correlations for the entrainment ratio are obtained by ? tting against a large set of design data and experimental measurements. In addition, the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically by solving the mathematical model using the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures.The correlations cover a P DP R Rs T w cross section area (m2) coef? cient of performance, dimensionless compression ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor expansion ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor mass ? ow rate (kg/s) Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound critical Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound pressure (kPa) pressure drop (kPa) universal gas constant (kJ/kg  °C) load ratio, mass ? ow rate of motive steam to mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor temperature (K) ntrainment ratio, mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor to mass ? ow rate of motive steam Greek symbols k compressibility ratio p ejector ef? ciency Subscripts 1–7 locations inside the ejector b boiler c condenser d diffuser e evaporator or entrained vapor m mixing n nozzle p primary stream or motive steam t throat of the nozzle H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 Appendix B B. 1. Correlations of saturation pressure and temperature   The saturation temperature correlation is given by T = 42. 6776 ? 3892. 7 ? 273. 15 (ln(P /1000) ? 9. 48654) here P is in kPa and T is in  °C. The above correlation is valid for the calculated saturation temperature over a pressure range of 10 – 1750 kPa. The percentage errors for the calculated versus the steam table values are B 0. 1%. The correlation for the water vapor saturation pressure is given by  ln(P /Pc) = Tc ?1 T + 273. 15  8 ? % fi (0. 01(T + 273. 15 ? 338. 15))(i ? 1) i=1 where Tc = 647. 286 K and Pc = 22089 kPa and the values of fi are given in the following table f1 f2 f3 f4 ?7. 419242 0. 29721 ?0. 1155286 0. 008685635 f5 f6 f7 f8 0. 001094098 ?0. 00439993 0. 002520658 ?0. 000521868