Religion and Coming of Age in Olive Ann Burns’ Novel, Cold Sassy Tree E

Religion and Coming of Age in Olive Ann Burns’ Novel, Cold Sassy Tree In the small southern town of Cold Sassy, Georgia, at the turn of the twentieth century, teenage boys had to grow up fast. They were not in any way sheltered from the daily activities of the town. This was especially true for fourteen year old Will Tweedy. Olive Ann Burns’ first, and only completed novel, Cold Sassy Tree, tells of young Will’s coming-of-age. His experiences with religion, progress, and death in Cold Sassy escorted him along the path to manhood. During the early 1900s, the south was full of religious fervor. Most small communities were based around two or three church families. Cold Sassy Tree, which is a recounting of Will’s memories, contains many references to religion and God. Rucker Blakeslee,...

Field Trip Report: Arbi Falls Essay

The second field trip for Batch No: 1 on 30.01.2013 was to a water fall named â€Å"Arbi water-falls†. Our bus left us on the top of the plateau of Dasrath Nagar from where we had to walk down the steep slope of the plateau to get to the fields. We had to cross a swift stream of water which was very transparent and cold. We walked through the dykes, sort of no-man’s land made out of mud marking the boundary of two fields. Adjacent to the farmer’s house, which our sir described to over a hundred years old, was a well and a temple which was a special temple as there were big trees and people pray lord Vishnu in his cobra incarnation. It was also said to us that the people over there worship ‘Nagaraj’. We crossed a large number of bamboo barricades to visit the surrounding paddy fields, anywhere my eyes went I could only see greenery spread. The fields were quiet dense and we walked inside the canopy of large trees. After examining the nature around the place we headed towards the falls by the same way from which we entered. In few minutes we could cross the stream and reached the small road which headed us to the foothills of the falls. We had to cross the slippery rocks and thorny bushes to reach the top. We could also see the natural pores on the ground from where the water was oozing out very quickly and the natural water was really very pure and cold. We crossed the small valleys full of bushes and slippery rocks. Algae had grown on all the sharp edges and corners of the rocks, making it much more slippery. At last we reached the top of the falls to land on a barren field. There were houses all around that place. We took few pictures and left that place to board our bus. OBJECTIVE:- â€Å"To study a wetland ecosystem and observe the flora and fauna around Manipal.† LOCATION:- Co-ordinates: 13 °20’11†³N 74 °47’36†³E FLORA AND FAUNA:- Having a wide range of flora and fauna, the southern side of Manipal, frankly, is full of greenery. With a host bird species, butterflies, insects, snakes, cattle and other such animal species, the Dasrath Nagar area of Manipal can also boast about its variety in flora with a range of trees, ‘Acacia’, ‘Cashew’, etc. being the primary ones. PROBLEMS FACED BY LOCAL FARMERS:- Lack of labour Pests destroying their products Insufficient water supply Not much profitable farming PROBABLE SOLUTIONS:- Government should give machines and more mechanized products to the farmers in less cost so that they can use those and produce efficiently without the labour present. Pesticides and similar products should be given to the farmers in less costs so that they can use it efficiently on their fields, water supply can be enhanced by making well, use of motors to suck water from the falls and distribute to their fields. CONCLUSION:- It is a recently discovered waterfall near Manipal Lake. This waterfall is active only through the months of August to November, during the monsoon season. Recently this waterfall has come in the spotlight. Hence, a lot of people and Manipal University (MU) students have started coming here. Due to this increase of people, the waterfall and the nearby areas have started getting polluted. People living near the waterfall complain that visitors come and throw plastic bottles, chips wrappers and garbage near the fall.

Steam Jet Refrigeration Cycle

Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551– 561 www. elsevier. com/locate/cep Evaluation of steam jet ejectors Hisham El-Dessouky *, Hisham Ettouney, Imad Alatiqi, Ghada Al-Nuwaibit Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait Uni6ersity, P. O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait Received 4 April 2001; received in revised form 26 September 2001; accepted 27 September 2001 Abstract Steam jet ejectors are an essential part in refrigeration and air conditioning, desalination, petroleum re? ning, petrochemical and chemical industries.The ejectors form an integral part of distillation columns, condensers and other heat exchange processes. In this study, semi-empirical models are developed for design and rating of steam jet ejectors. The model gives the entrainment ratio as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressures of the entrained vapor, motive steam and compressed vapor. Also, correlations are developed for the motive steam pressure a t the nozzle exit as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures and the area ratios as a function of the entrainment ratio and the stream pressures. This allows for full design of the ejector, where de? ing the ejector load and the pressures of the motive steam, evaporator and condenser gives the entrainment ratio, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the cross section areas of the diffuser and the nozzle. The developed correlations are based on large database that includes manufacturer design data and experimental data. The model includes correlations for the choked ? ow with compression ratios above 1. 8. In addition, a correlation is provided for the non-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8. The values of the coef? cient of determination (R 2) are 0. 85 and 0. 78 for the choked and non-choked ? w correlations, respectively. As for the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios, all have R 2 values above 0. 99.  © 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Steam jet ejectors; Choked ? ow; Heat pumps; Thermal vapor compression 1. Introduction Currently, most of the conventional cooling and refrigeration systems are based on mechanical vapor compression (MVC). These cycles are powered by a high quality form of energy, electrical energy. The inef? cient use of the energy required to operate such a process can be generated by the combustion of fossil uels and thus contributes to an increase in greenhouse gases and the generation of air pollutants, such as NOx, SOx, particulates and ozone. These pollutants have adverse effects on human health and the environment. In addition, MVC refrigeration and cooling cycles use unfriendly chloro-? oro-carbon compounds (CFCs), which, upon release, contributes to the destruction of the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. * Corresponding author. Tel. : + 965-4811188Ãâ€"5613; fax: + 9654839498. E -mail address: [email  pro tected] kuniv. edu. kw (H. El-Dessouky). Environmental considerations and the need for ef? cient se of available energy call for the development of processes based on the use of low grade heat. These processes adopt entrainment and compression of low pressure vapor to higher pressures suitable for different systems. The compression process takes place in absorption, adsorption, chemical or jet ejector vapor compression cycles. Jet ejectors have the simplest con? guration among various vapor compression cycles. In contrast to other processes, ejectors are formed of a single unit connected to tubing of motive, entrained and mixture streams. Also, ejectors do not include valves, rotors or other moving parts and are available ommercially in various sizes and for different applications. Jet ejectors have lower capital and maintenance cost than the other con? gurations. On the other hand, the main drawbacks of jet ejectors include the following: ? Ejectors are designed to operate at a sin gle optimum point. Deviation from this optimum results in dramatic deterioration of the ejector performance. 0255-2701/02/$ – see front matter  © 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 2 5 5 – 2 7 0 1 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 7 6 – 3 552 ? H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 Ejectors have very low thermal ef? iency. Applications of jet ejectors include refrigeration, air conditioning, removal of non-condensable gases, transport of solids and gas recovery. The function of the jet ejector differs considerably in these processes. For example, in refrigeration and air conditioning cycles, the ejector compresses the entrained vapor to higher pressure, which allows for condensation at a higher temperature. Also, the ejector entrainment process sustains the low pressure on the evaporator side, which allows evaporation at low temperature. As a result, the cold evaporator ? uid can be used for refrigeration an d cooling functions.As for the removal of non-condensable gases in heat transfer units, the ejector entrainment process prevents their accumulation within condensers or evaporators. The presence of non-condensable gases in heat exchange units reduces the heat transfer ef? ciency and increases the condensation temperature because of their low thermal conductivity. Also, the presence of these gases enhances corrosion reactions. However, the ejector cycle for cooling and refrigeration has lower ef? ciency than the MVC units, but their merits are manifested upon the use of low grade energy that has limited effect on the environment and lower ooling and heating unit cost. Although the construction and operation principles of jet ejectors are well known, the following sections provide a brief summary of the major features of ejectors. This is necessary in order to follow the discussion and analysis that follow. The conventional steam jet ejector has three main parts: (1) the nozzle; (2) t he suction chamber; and (3) the diffuser (Fig. 1). The nozzle and the diffuser have the geometry of converging/diverging venturi. The diameters and lengths of various parts forming the nozzle, the diffuser and the suction chamber, together with the stream ? ow rate and properties, de? e the ejector capacity and performance. The ejector capacity is de? ned in terms of the ? ow rates of the motive steam and the entrained vapor. The sum of the motive and entrained vapor mass ? ow rates gives the mass ? ow rate of the compressed vapor. As for the ejector performance, it is de? ned in terms of entrainment, expansion and compression ratios. The entrainment ratio (w ) is the ? ow rate of the entrained vapor Fig. 1. Variation in stream pressure and velocity as a function of location along the ejector. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 divided by the flow rate of the motive steam.As for the expansion ratio (Er), it is de? ned as the ratio of the motive steam pressure to the entrained vapor pressure. The compression ratio (Cr) gives the pressure ratio of the compressed vapor to the entrained vapor. Variations in the stream velocity and pressure as a function of location inside the ejector, which are shown in Fig. 1, are explained below: ? The motive steam enters the ejector at point (p ) with a subsonic velocity. ? As the stream ? ows in the converging part of the ejector, its pressure is reduced and its velocity increases. The stream reaches sonic velocity at the nozzle throat, where its Mach number is equal to one. The increase in the cross section area in the diverging part of the nozzle results in a decrease of the shock wave pressure and an increase in its velocity to supersonic conditions. ? At the nozzle outlet plane, point (2), the motive steam pressure becomes lower than the entrained vapor pressure and its velocity ranges between 900 and 1200 m/s. ? The entrained vapor at point (e ) enters the ejector, wher e its velocity increases and its pressure decreases to that of point (3). ? The motive steam and entrained vapor streams may mix within the suction chamber and the converging section of the diffuser or it may ? ow as two separate treams as it enters the constant cross section area of the diffuser, where mixing occurs. ? In either case, the mixture goes through a shock inside the constant cross section area of the diffuser. The shock is associated with an increase in the mixture pressure and reduction of the mixture velocity to subsonic conditions, point (4). The shock occurs because of the back pressure resistance of the condenser. ? As the subsonic mixture emerges from the constant cross section area of the diffuser, further pressure increase occurs in the diverging section of the diffuser, where part of the kinetic energy of the mixture is converted into pressure.The pressure of the emerging ? uid is slightly higher than the condenser pressure, point (c ). Summary for a number of literature studies on ejector design and performance evaluation is shown in Table 1. The following outlines the main ? ndings of these studies: ? Optimum ejector operation occurs at the critical condition. The condenser pressure controls the location of the shock wave, where an increase in the condenser pressure above the critical point results in a rapid decline of the ejector entrainment ratio, since the shock wave moves towards the nozzle exit.Operating at pressures below the critical points has negligible effect on the ejector entrainment ratio. 553 ? At the critical condition, the ejector entrainment ratio increases at lower pressure for the boiler and condenser. Also, higher temperature for the evaporator increases the entrainment ratio. ? Use of a variable position nozzle can maintain the optimum conditions for ejector operation. As a result, the ejector can be maintained at critical conditions even if the operating conditions are varied. ? Multi-ejector system increases the operating range and improves the overall system ef? ciency. Ejector modeling is essential for better understanding of the compression process, system design and performance evaluation. Models include empirical correlations, such as those by Ludwig [1], Power [2] and El-Dessouky and Ettouney [3]. Such models are limited to the range over which it was developed, which limits their use in investigating the performance of new ejector ? uids, designs or operating conditions. Semi-empirical models give more ? exibility in ejector design and performance evaluation [4,5]. Other ejector models are based on fundamental balance equations [6]. This study is motivated by the need for a simple mpirical model that can be used to design and evaluate the performance of steam jet ejectors. The model is based on a large database extracted from several ejector manufacturers and a number of experimental literature studies. As will be discussed later, the model is simple to use and it eliminates the need for iterative procedures. 2. Mathematical model The review by Sun and Eames [7] outlined the developments in mathematical modeling and design of jet ejectors. The review shows that there are two basic approaches for ejector analysis. These include mixing of the motive steam and entrained vapor, either at constant ressure or at constant area. Design models of stream mixing at constant pressure are more common in literature because the performance of the ejectors designed by this method is more superior to the constant area method and it compares favorably against experimental data. The basis for modeling the constant pressure design procedure was initially developed by Keenan [6]. Subsequently, several investigators have used the model for design and performance evaluation of various types of jet ejectors. This involved a number of modi? cations in the model, especially losses within the ejector and mixing of the primary and secondary streams.In this section, the constant pressure e jector model is developed. The developed model is based on a number of literature studies [8 – 11]. The constant pressure model is based on the following assumptions: H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 554 Table 1 Summary of literature studies on ejector design and performance Reference Fluid Boiler, evaporator and condenser temperature ( °C) Conclusion [19] R-113 60–100; 5–18; 40–50 Basis for refrigerant selection for solar system, system performance increased with increasing boiler and evaporator temperatures and decreasing condenser temperature. 20] R-113; R-114; R-142b; R-718 80–95; 5–13; 25–45 Comparison of ejector and refrigerant performance. Dry, wet and isentropic ?uids. Wet ? uid damage ejectors due phase change during isentropic expansion. R-113 (dry) has the best performance and R142b (wet) has the poorest performance. [21,22] R-114 86; ? 8; 30 Increase in ejector perfo rmance using mechanical compression booster. [8] Water 120–140; 5–10; 30–65 Choking of the entrained ? uid in the mixing chamber affects system performance. Maximum COP is obtained at the critical ? ow condition. [13] Water 120–140; 5–10; 30–60Effect of varying the nozzle position to meet operating condition. Increase in COP and cooling capacity by 100%. [23] R-113 70–100; 6–25; 42–50 Entrainment ratio is highly affected by the condenser temperature especially at low evaporator temperature. [24] R-11 82. 2–182. 2; 10; 43. 3 Entrainment ratio is proportional to boiler temperature. [25,26] R-114 90; 4; 30 Combined solar generator and ejector air conditioner. More ef? cient system requires multi-ejector and cold energy storage (cold storage in either phase changing materials, cold water or ice). [27] R-134A 15; 30 Modeling the effect of motive nozzle on system performance, in which the ejector is used to recover part of the work that would be lost in the expansion valve using high-pressure motive liquid. [28] Water 100–165; 10; 30–45 Combined solar collector, refrigeration and seawater desalination system. Performance depends on steam pressure, cooling water temperature and suction pressure. [4] Water [29] Water – Model of multistage steam ejector refrigeration system using annular ejector in which the primary ? uid enters the second stage at annular nozzle on the sidewall.This will increase static pressure for low-pressure stream and mixture and reduce the velocity of the motive stream and reduce jet mixing losses shock wave formation losses. [24] R11; R113; R114 93. 3; 10; 43. 3 Measure and calculate ejector entrainment ratio as a function of boiler, condenser and evaporator temperatures. Entrainment ratio decreases for off design operation and increases for the two stage ejectors. [30] R113; R114; R142b 120–140; 65–80 Effect of throat area, location of main nozzle and length of the constant area section on backpressure, entrainment ratio and compression ratio.Developed a new ejector theory in which the entrained ? uid is choked, the plant scale results agree with this theory. Steam jet refrigeration should be designed for the most often prevailing conditions rather than the most severe to achieve greater overall ef? ciency. [5] Mathematical model use empirical parameters that depend solely on geometry. The parameters are obtained experimentally for various types of ejectors. [31] R134a 5; ? 12, ? 18; 40 Combined ejector and mechanical compressor for operation of domestic refrigerator-freezer increases entrainment ratio from 7 to 12. 4%. The optimum throat diameter depends on the freezer emperature [9] R11; HR-123 80; 5; 30 Performance of HR-123 is similar to R-11 in ejector refrigeration. Optimum performance is achieved by the use of variable geometry ejector when operation conditions change. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineer ing and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 1. The motive steam expands isentropically in the nozzle. Also, the mixture of the motive steam and the entrained vapor compresses isentropically in the diffuser. 2. The motive steam and the entrained vapor are saturated and their velocities are negligible. 3. Velocity of the compressed mixture leaving the ejector is insigni? cant. 4.Constant isentropic expansion exponent and the ideal gas behavior. 5. The mixing of motive steam and the entrained vapor takes place in the suction chamber. 6. The ? ow is adiabatic. 7. Friction losses are de? ned in terms of the isentropic ef? ciencies in the nozzle, diffuser and mixing chamber. 8. The motive steam and the entrained vapor have the same molecular weight and speci? c heat ratio. 9. The ejector ? ow is one-dimensional and at steady state conditions. The model equations include the following: ? Overall material balance (2) Expansion ratio ? ‘ 2pn k? 1   Pp P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 Pe P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 (6) M*2 + wM*2Te/Tp p e ‘ M 2(k + 1) M 2(k ? 1) + 2 (8) Eq. (8) is used to calculate M*2, M*2, M4 e p Mach number of the mixed ? ow after the shock wave 2 M2+ 4 (k ? 1) M5 = (9) 2k 2 M ? 1 (k ? 1) 4 Pressure increase across the shock wave at point 4 (10) In Eq. (10) the constant pressure assumption implies that the pressure between points 2 and 4 remains constant. Therefore, the following equality constraint applies P2 = P3 = P4. Pressure lift in the diffuser  n Pc p (k ? 1) 2 =d M5+1 P5 2 ? (5) ? (k/k ? 1) (11) where pd is the diffuser ef? ciency. The area of the nozzle throat A1 = where M is the Mach number, P is the pressure and is the isentropic expansion coef? cient. In the above equation, pn is the nozzle ef? ciency and is de? ned as the ratio between the actual enthalpy change and the enthalpy change undergone during an isentropic process. Isentropic expansion of the entrained ? uid in the suction chamber is expressed in terms of the Mach number of the entrai ned ? uid at the nozzle exit plane   P5 1 + kM 2 4 = P4 1 + kM 2 5 (4) Isentropic expansion of the primary ? uid in the nozzle is expressed in terms of the Mach number of the primary ? uid at the nozzle outlet plane Mp2 = ? ? (3) Er = Pp/Pe ? ? 2 k? 1 (7) (1 + w )(1 + wTe/Tp) here w is the entrainment ratio and M * is the ratio between the local ? uid velocity to the velocity of sound at critical conditions. The relationship between M and M * at any point in the ejector is given by this equation M* = Compression ratio Cr = Pc/Pe ? ? ‘ The mixing process is modeled by one-dimensional continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are combined to de? ne the critical Mach number of the mixture at point 5 in terms of the critical Mach number for the primary and entrained ?uids at point 2 M* = 4 where m is the mass ? ow rate and the subscripts c, e and p, de? ne the compressed vapor mixture, the ntrained vapor and the motive steam or primary stream. Entrainment ratio w = me/mp ? ? (1) mp + me = mc ? Me2 = 555 mp Pp ‘ RTp k + 1 kpn 2 (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (12) The area ratio of the nozzle throat and diffuser constant area        A1 Pc 1 = A3 Pp (1 + w )(1 + w (Te/Tp)) P2 1/k P (k ? 1)/k 1/2 1? 2 Pc Pc 2 1/(k ? 1) 2 1/2 1? k+1 k+1 1/2 (13) H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 556 ? The area ratio of the nozzle throat and the nozzle outlet A2 = A1 ‘  1 2 (k ? 1) 2 1+ M p2 2 M p2 (k + 1 2  ? (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (14) ? 3. Solution procedure ?Two solution procedures for the above model are shown in Fig. 2. Either procedure requires iterative calculations. The ? rst procedure is used for system design, where the system pressures and the entrainment ratio is de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the pressure of the motive steam at the nozzle outlet (P2) that gives the same back pressure (Pc). The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(a) and it includes the fol lowing steps: ? De? ne the design parameters, which include the entrainment ratio (w ), the ? ow rate of the compressed ? ? ? ? vapor (mc) and the pressures of the entrained vapor, ompressed vapor and motive steam (Pe, Pp, Pc). De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). Calculate the saturation temperatures for the compressed vapor, entrained vapor and motive steam, which include Tc, Tp, Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. The ? ow rates of the entrained vapor (me) and motive steam (mp) are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). A value for the pressure at point 2 (P2) is estimated and Eqs. (5) – (11) are solved sequentially to obtain the ressure of the compressed vapor (Pc). The calculated pressure of the compressed vapor is compared to the design value. A new value for P2 is estimated and the previous step is re peated until the desired value for the pressure of the compressed vapor is reached. Fig. 2. Solution algorithms of the mathematical model. (a) Design procedure to calculate area ratios. (b) Performance evaluation to calculate w. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 ? The ejector cross section areas (A1, A2, A3) and the area ratios (A1/A3 and A2/A1) are calculated from Eqs. (12) – (14).The second solution procedure is used for performance evaluation, where the cross section areas and the entrainment and motive steam pressures are de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the entrainment ratio that de? nes the ejector capacity. The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(b) and it includes the following steps: ? De? ne the performance parameters, which include the cross section areas (A1, A2, A3), the pressures of the entrained vapor (Pe) and the pressure of the primary stream (Pp). ? De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). ? Calculate the saturation temperatures of the primary nd entrained streams, Tp and Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. ? As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. ? Calculate the ? ow rate of the motive steam and the properties at the nozzle outlet, which include mp, P2, Me2, Mp2. These are obtained by solving Eqs. (5), (6), (12) and (14). ? An estimate is made for the entrainment ratio, w. ? This value is used to calculate other system parameters de? ned in Eqs. (7) – (11), which includes M*2, e M*2, M*, M4, M5, P5, Pc. p 4 ? A new estimate for w is obtained from Eq. 13). ? The error in w is determined and a new iteration is made if necessary. ? The ? ow rates of the compressed and entrained vapor are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). 4. Semi-empirical model Development of the semi-empirical model is thought to provide a simple met hod for designing or rating of steam jet ejectors. As shown above, solution of the mathematical model requires an iterative procedure. Also, it is necessary to de? ne values of pn and pd. The values of these ef? ciencies widely differ from one study to another, as shown in Table 2. The semi-empirical model for the steam jet ejector is developed over a wide ange of operating conditions. This is achieved by using three sets of design data acquired from major ejector manufacturers, which includes Croll Reynolds, Graham and Schutte – Koerting. Also, several sets of experimental data are extracted from the literature and are used in the development of the empirical model. The semiempirical model includes a number of correlations to calculate the entrainment ratio (w ), the pressure at the nozzle outlet (P2) and the area ratios in the ejector 557 Table 2 Examples of ejector ef? ciencies used in literature studies Reference [27] [32] [33] [31] [10] [24] [8] [34] pn pd 0. 9 0. 5 0. 7 –1 0. 8–1 0. 85–0. 98 0. 85 0. 75 0. 75 0. 8 0. 85 0. 7–1 0. 8–1 0. 65–0. 85 0. 85 0. 9 pm 0. 8 0. 95 (A2/A1) and (A1/A3). The correlation for the entrainment ratio is developed as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressures of the motive steam, the entrained vapor and the compressed vapor. The correlation for the pressure at the nozzle outlet is developed as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures. The correlations for the ejector area ratios are de? ned in terms of the system pressures and the entrainment ratio. Table 3 shows a summary of the ranges of the experimental and the design data.The table also includes the ranges for the data reported by Power [12]. A summary of the experimental data, which is used to develop the semi-empirical model is shown in Table 4. The data includes measurements by the following investigators: ? Eames et al. [8] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 3 – 6, expansion ratio 160 – 415 and entrainment ratio of 0. 17 – 0. 58. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 90 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Munday and Bagster [4] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 8 – 2, expansion ratio of 356 – 522 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57 – 0. 905.The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 200 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Aphornratana and Eames [13] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 4. 6 – 5. 3, expansion ratio of 309. 4 and entrainment ratio of 0. 11 – 0. 22. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Bagster and Bresnahan [14] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 4 – 3. 4, expansion ratio of 165 – 426 and entrainment ratio of 0. 268 – 0. 42. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 145 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Sun [15] obtained the data for a comp ression ratio of . 06 – 3. 86, expansion ratio of 116 – 220 and entrainment ratio of 0. 28 – 0. 59. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Chen and Sun [16] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 77 – 2. 76, expansion ratio of 1. 7 – 2. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 37 – 0. 62. The measure- H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 558 ments are obtained for an area ratio of 79. 21 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Arnold et al. [17] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 47 – 3. 86, expansion ratio of 29. 7 – 46. , and entrainment ratio of 0. 27 – 0. 5. ? Everitt and Riffat [18] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 37 – 2. 3, expansion ratio of 22. 6 – 56. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57. The correlation for the entrainment ratio of choked ?ow or compression ratios ab ove 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + fP g ) p (h + iP jc) (15) Similarly, the correlation for the entrainment ratio of un-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + f ln(Pp)) (g + h ln(Pc)) (16) vapor compression applications. As shown in Fig. 3, the ? tting result is very satisfactory for entrainment ratios between 0. 2 and 1.This is because the major part of the data is found between entrainment ratios clustered over a range of 0. 2 – 0. 8. Examining the experimental data ? t shows that the major part of the data ? t is well within the correlation predictions, except for a small number of points, where the predictions have large deviations. The correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically. In this regard, the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures are used to solve the mathematical model and to calculate the area ratios and motive steam pressure at the nozzle utlet. The results are obtained for ef? ciencies of 100% for the diffuser, nozzle and mixing and a value of 1. 3 for k. The results are then correlated as a function of the system variables. The following relations give the correlations for the choked ? ow: The constants in Eqs. (15) and (16) are given as follows P2 = 0. 13 P 0. 33P 0. 73 e c (17) A1/A3 = 0. 34 P 1. 09P ? 1. 12w ? 0. 16 c p Entrainment ratio Entrainment ratio correlation choked correlation non-choked ?ow (Eq. (15); Fig. 3) ? ow (Eq. (16), Fig. 4) ?1. 89? 10? 5 ?5. 32 5. 04 9. 05? 10? 2 22. 09 ?6. 13 0. 82 ?3. 37? 10? 5 ? ? 0. 79 a 0. 65 b ?1. 54 c 1. 72 d 6. 9v10? 2 e 22. 82 f 4. 21? 10? 4 g 1. 34 h 9. 32 j 1. 28? 10? 1 j 1. 14 R2 0. 85 A2/A1 = 1. 04 P ? 0. 83 c P 0. 86 p w (18) ? 0. 12 (19) The R 2 for each of the above correlations is above 0. 99. Similarly, the following relations give the correlations for the un-choked ? ow: P2 = 1. 02 P ? 0. 000762P 0. 99 e c (20) A1/A3 = 0. 32 P 1. 11P ? 1. 13w ? 0. 36 c p (21) A2/A1 = 1. 22 P ? 0. 81P 0. 81w ? 0. 0739 c p (22) 2 Fitting results against the design and experimental data are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The results shown in Fig. 3 cover the most commonly used range for steam jet ejectors, especially in vacuum andThe R values for the above three correlations are above 0. 99. The semi-empirical ejector design procedure involves sequential solution of Eqs. (1) – (14) together with Eq. (17) or Eq. (20) (depending on the ? ow type, choked or non-choked). This procedure is not iterative in contrast with the procedure given for the mathematical model in the previous section. As for the semi-empirical performance evaluation model, it involves non-iterative solution of Eqs. (1) – (14) together with Eq. (15) or Eq. (16) for choked or non-choked ? ow, respectively. It should be stressed that both solution procedures are indepen- Table 3Range of design and experimental data used in model devel opment Source Er Cr Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp (kPa) w Experimental Schutte–Koerting Croll–Rynolds Graham Power 1. 4–6. 19 1. 008–3. 73 1. 25–4. 24 1. 174–4. 04 1. 047–5. 018 1. 6–526. 1 1. 36–32. 45 4. 3–429. 4 4. 644–53. 7 2–1000 0. 872–121. 3 66. 85–2100. 8 3. 447–124. 1 27. 58–170. 27 2. 76–172. 37 2. 3–224. 1 790. 8–2859. 22 446. 06–1480. 27 790. 8–1480. 27 3. 72–510. 2 38. 6–1720 84. 09–2132. 27 6. 2–248. 2 34. 47–301. 27 344. 74–2757. 9 0. 11–1. 132 0. 1–4 0. 1818–2. 5 0. 18–3. 23 0. 2–4 H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 559 Table 4Summary of literature experimental data for steam jet ejectors Ad/At Pp (kPa) Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp/Pe Pc/Pe w Reference 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 2 3 1. 23 3. 8 4. 2 4. 7 5. 3 6 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 255. 1 294. 4 3. 09 3. 42 3. 83 4. 31 4. 89 0. 59 0. 54 0. 47 0. 39 0. 31 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 3. 6 4. 1 4. 6 5. 1 5. 7 191. 6 223. 9 260. 7 302. 1 348. 7 3. 47 3. 95 4. 44 4. 91 5. 49 0. 5 0. 42 0. 36 0. 29 0. 23 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 3. 4 3. 7 4. 4 5. 1 5. 4 227. 7 266. 2 309. 8 59 414. 4 3. 89 4. 24 5. 04 5. 85 6. 19 0. 4 0. 34 0. 28 0. 25 0. 18 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 200 834 400 669 841 690 690 1. 59 1. 59 1. 71 1. 59 1. 94 1. 94 3. 2 3. 07 3. 67 3. 51 3. 38 3. 51 521. 7 250. 2 392. 3 526. 1 356 356 2. 0 1. 92 2. 15 2. 19 1. 74 1. 81 0. 58 1. 13 0. 58 0. 51 0. 86 0. 91 [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] 81 270 270 270 270 270 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 4. 1 4. 2 4. 4 4. 5 4. 7 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 4. 7 4. 8 5. 04 5. 16 5. 39 0. 22 0. 19 0. 16 0. 14 0. 11 [13] [13] [13] [13] [13] 145 660 578 516 440 381 312 278 1. 55 1. 55 1. 58 1. 57 1. 59 1. 62 1. 68 5. 3 5. 3 5. 3 5. 03 4. 77 4. 23 4. 1 426. 5 373. 5 326. 280. 6 239. 9 192. 6 165. 1 3. 42 3. 42 3. 36 3. 21 3 2. 61 2. 44 0. 27 0. 31 0. 35 0. 38 0. 42 0. 46 0. 42 [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] 143. 4 169. 2 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 2. 53 2. 67 3. 15 4 4. 75 116. 8 137. 8 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 2. 06 2. 17 2. 56 3. 26 3. 87 0. 59 0. 51 0. 43 0. 35 0. 29 [15] [15] [15] [15] [15] 29. 7 33. 5 37. 8 46. 5 2. 47 2. 78 3. 14 3. 86 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 27 [17] [17] [17] [17] 119. 9 151. 7 224. 1 195. 1 195. 1 186. 2 1. 7 2. 3 3. 9 1. 6 1. 9 2. 9 1. 8 2. 2 3. 3 1. 6 1. 9 2. 8 0. 62 0. 49 0. 34 0. 78 0. 64 0. 37 [16] [16] [16] [16] [16] [16] 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 56. 9 38. 6 22. 6 . 3 1. 9 1. 4 0. 57 0. 56 0. 57 [18] [18] [18] 81 1720 1720 1720 1720 79. 21 116 153 270 198 198 198 57. 9 47. 4 38. 6 57. 7 51. 4 45. 5 37. 01 67. 6 67. 6 67. 6 121. 3 99. 9 67. 6 1. 02 1. 2 1. 7 143 143 143 143 560 H. El -Dessouky et al . / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 wide range of compression, expansion and entrainment ratios, especially those used in industrial applications. The developed correlations are simple and very useful for design and rating calculations, since it can be used to determine the entrainment ratio, which, upon speci? cation of the system load, can be used to determine the motive steam ? w rate and the cross section areas of the ejector. Acknowledgements Fig. 3. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios higher than 1. 8. The authors would like to acknowledge funding support of the Kuwait University Research Administration, Project No. EC084 entitled ‘Multiple Effect Evaporation and Absorption/Adsorption Heat Pumps’. Appendix A. Nomenclature A COP Cr Er m M M* Fig. 4. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios lower than 1. 8. dent of the nozzle and diffuser ef? ciencies, which varies over a wide range, as shown in Table 2. 5. Conclusions A semi-empirical model is developed for design and erformance evaluation of steam jet ejector. The model includes correlations for the entrainment ratio in choked and non-choked ? ow, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios of the ejector. The correlations for the entrainment ratio are obtained by ? tting against a large set of design data and experimental measurements. In addition, the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically by solving the mathematical model using the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures.The correlations cover a P DP R Rs T w cross section area (m2) coef? cient of performance, dimensionless compression ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor expansion ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor mass ? ow rate (kg/s) Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound critical Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound pressure (kPa) pressure drop (kPa) universal gas constant (kJ/kg  °C) load ratio, mass ? ow rate of motive steam to mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor temperature (K) ntrainment ratio, mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor to mass ? ow rate of motive steam Greek symbols k compressibility ratio p ejector ef? ciency Subscripts 1–7 locations inside the ejector b boiler c condenser d diffuser e evaporator or entrained vapor m mixing n nozzle p primary stream or motive steam t throat of the nozzle H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 Appendix B B. 1. Correlations of saturation pressure and temperature   The saturation temperature correlation is given by T = 42. 6776 ? 3892. 7 ? 273. 15 (ln(P /1000) ? 9. 48654) here P is in kPa and T is in  °C. The above correlation is valid for the calculated saturation temperature over a pressure range of 10 – 1750 kPa. The percentage errors for the calculated versus the steam table values are B 0. 1%. The correlation for the water vapor saturation pressure is given by  ln(P /Pc) = Tc ?1 T + 273. 15  8 ? % fi (0. 01(T + 273. 15 ? 338. 15))(i ? 1) i=1 where Tc = 647. 286 K and Pc = 22089 kPa and the values of fi are given in the following table f1 f2 f3 f4 ?7. 419242 0. 29721 ?0. 1155286 0. 008685635 f5 f6 f7 f8 0. 001094098 ?0. 00439993 0. 002520658 ?0. 000521868

Thane Fort to the Thane Central Jail

THANE FORT TO THE THANE CENTRAL JAIL: A TRANSITION AND PRESENT SITUATION – VAIBHAV D. ADHYARU K. V. PENDHARKAR COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE, DOMBIVLI, MAHARASHTRA, India. THANE FORT TO THE THANE CENTRAL JAIL: A TRANSITION AND PRESENT SITUATION The existence of Thane city appears in the  global history since the 9thcentury A. D. Thane city has a rich cultural heritage, mythological background, followed by a large number of events of historical importance, archeological collectives that have contributed to the enrichment of the history of Thane city.The city was then known as ‘Shreesthanak’. The Thane Central Jail, originally a historical fort was constructed by Portuguese in 1730 A. D. The prison, which was earlier a fort named Thane Killa, is associated with the Indian Freedom Struggle and is also one of the heritage structures of the city. The 279 year old monument was constructed by the Portuguese for the protection of Sashti Island on 13. 5 acres of land. The Portuguese ruled Thane for over 200 years, from 1530 to 1739 A. D. During this period Thane was known as ‘Kalabe De Tana†.In January 1737, Chimaji Appa, the Peshwa’s brother, took command of the Marathas troops and inspite of obstinate resistance, captured most of the northern forts, Katalvada, Dahanu, Kelve, Shirgaon and Tarapur, whose walls were scaled by the Marathas. On May 4th, the Portuguese hoisted the white flag and of their officers met Chimaji Appa for arranging terms of surrender. On 28th December, 1744 the British conquered Thane city and its fort. Marathas lost the Third Anglo-Maratha War in November 1817 between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.The war left the company in control of most of India. British Victories were swift, resulting in the breakup of the Maratha Empire and the loss of Maratha independence. The Peshwa was defeated in the Battles of Khadki and Koregaon and he was forced to flee. It was conver ted into jail in 1816 by the British. When Britishers got controlled all over the entire India, they started to use the Thane fort as central jail so that they can arrest and jail the nearby freedom fighters, criminals for going against their system. Many well known freedom fighters were imprisoned in this jail during the time.On 19th April, 1910 noted freedom fighters like Veer Anant Laxman Kanhere, Gopal Krishnaji Karve and Vinayak Narayan Deshpande were hanged to death in the central jail for killing the then Nasik District Collector Jackson. Noted freedom fighter Veer Savarkar was also imprisoned in central jail but later he was shifted to Andaman Cellular Jail due to the security reasons. Other freedom fighters like Chaphekar Brother and Mahadev Ranade were hanged for killing W. C. Rand for his atrocities in Poona. Prominent freedom fighters like Vasudev Balwant Phadke, Senapati Bapat, Saneguruji were also lodged in this jail.Later Indian Government continued that fort to be us ed Thane Central Jail as a district jail to jail the criminals of Thane District. Thane Central Jail is a huge campus and having different departments for the upliftment of the criminals. Personalities like Harshad Mehta and Sanjay Dutt were also imprisoned at Thane Central Jail. Various departments have been working efficiently for the smooth functioning of the Jail:- The Superintendent, Thane District Prison, is vested with the executive management of the prison in all matters relating to internal discipline, economy, labour and punishment.The Superintendent is assisted by the executive, medical, ministerial and technical staff. CLASSIFICATION:- There is one district prison and eleven taluka sub-jails in Thane District. The prison at Thane has been classified as a district prison [Class I], This prison is only meant for the confinement of the under trial prisoners and prisoners sentenced upto 5 years. CLASSFICATION OF PRISONERS:- Prisoners are classified as class I or class II by the court after taking into consideration their status in society and also the nature of offence. They are further classified as casual, habitual, under-trial and security or detenue.There is no separate class of political prisoners but certain rules which do not allow the grant of facilities and privileges on the score of length of sentence are relaxed in their favour under the specific orders of government. On admission, a prisoner is examined by the medical officer and is classified as fit for light, medium and hard labour. Prisoners are employed in prison industries, prison farms and prison maintenance services. Vocational classes are also organized in the prison. EDUCATION:- Literacy classes are conducted for prisoners and necessary facilities are provided to prisoners at government cost.RECREATIONAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES:- Recreational programmes like physical training parades, documentary and full length films, folk dances, kalapathak and games are organized for the enterta inment of prisoners generally in a month. Besides, newspapers are also supplied to the prisoners. Emphasis is always laid on the maintenance of good discipline in the prison. JAIL INDUSTRY:- The long term prisoners in Thane Central Prison are provided with creative work including handicrafts and industries. The chief of these industries include textile, carpentary and tailoring. Most of the products are supplied to various government departments.The tailoring unit in the jail supplies readymade garments to the post and telegraph department and to the police. COTTON CLOTH AND CARPETS:- Weaving is the chief industry in the jail. There are around 14 looms for manufacturing carpets, blankets etc. CARPET AND PUNJA CARPETS:- Carpets are woven on pit-looms and are called loom carpets. The workers or prisoners move on horizontally as the weaving process goes on, completing the carpet. It is in great demand both from government and in the public. CARPENTARY:- This section is worked on job ba sis. A group of two or three prisoners do the planning and assembling job. CONCLUSION:-In this way Thane Central Jail administers work of the inmates/prisoners, So that the prisoners develop their skills through the routine work. Historically important memo i. e. martyrs memorials are not open for the citizens. There memo may be the inspiration for the citizens so it may create awareness about the national movement. Hence, it is necessary to make them accessible for the citizens. The present day physical condition of the jail is not in proper condition, so it should be repaired properly as soon as possible to maintain the condition of the jail. However, today the fort is a very busy place on account of being a jail.

A political conflict Essay

For colored citizens prior to the Civil War, freedom was a distant dream as the age-old human history of slavery heightened within the American heartlands even after the Declaration of Independence. When the American nation proudly held a new constitution, it was supposedly a determined effort to uphold a balance of power symbolizing the freedom from political, cultural and moral oppression yet colored individuals were treated as less civilized citizens and slavery was reinforced by and among the rich landowners capable of maintaining numerous slaves. As slavery provided free labor and flourishing the slave trade, African black slaves exported from Africa increased the slave population in the United States by 4 million (US 1860 Census). The Quakers of Pennsylvania as an antislavery force that gained strength throughout the country paved the way for the gradual abolition of slavery in the US northern states. New York and New Jersey became the last Northern states to abolish slavery (Grant 2001). A political conflict however ensued as slavery supporters insisted lifting any barriers to slave trade while sanctioning the acceptance of slavery based on the biblical scriptures as â€Å"God’s plan to Christianize† the Africans (Hartz 1955). Slavery for the supporters was seen as an economic, social and cultural life which actually lengthened the arguments for the continued adherence to slave labor. Divisive means were also used to promote scientific experiments to demonstrate the superiority of the whites and the inferiority of the blacks (Colley 1859), where anatomical proportions of the brain justify blacks doing hard labor which upon careful contrast does not measure up to the actual inequalities committed within the period. As the debate on slavery grew, disrespect for the law also rose. Sooner than expected, the American slaves who were ill-treated began to resort to acts of violence like burnings barns, arson and even murder. The famous acts of rebellion in Saint Dominique (1790’s) and Virginia (1800’s) paved the way for the 1831 rebellion that killed sixty whites in Virginia tougher slave codes and prohibitions for the slaves that was heavily emphasized in William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator as provided by Tocqueville. No amount of compromise could weed out the institution of slavery except upon the culmination of Lincoln’s election in the 1850’s and the legal implementation of the Thirteenth Amendment (Zinn 2001). II. Blacks living in free states Blacks actually lived a precarious existence within the Free states prior to the Civil War as many were still considered slaves. Many of the free blacks, who were skilled craftsmen, were tolerated because of their abilities as their earnings contributed to the general economy yet none of the free blacks ever rose higher than the status of small tradesmen, builders or nautical employees as they soon became a source of revenue as property taxpayers (Toqueville 1969). Forten, a free black girl from the Northern states gained education in Salem and observed that runaway slaves in Boston were treated as mere slaves and returned to their masters instead of being set free (Forten 2000). Although conditions were far better for the Blacks in the Northern states, very few blacks had their voices heard. Segregated facilities still existed in the North and they were usually denied entrance to the best hotels and restaurants (Jordan 1995, 218). Although schools in New England were usually integrated, those in the Midwest were generally not and economic discrimination continued as the Blacks fought to compete with large numbers of recent European immigrants for job opportunities and almost always lost (Cartmell 2004). During this same period, Norfolk’s free blacks frequently helped enslaved African-Americans to buy their freedom, and in a few instances became slave owners themselves (Toqueville 1969). Harsh laws soon prevailed as freedoms enjoyed by free blacks were soon curtailed because they were still unable to vote. The blacks were often stereotyped as unruly citizens that soon led other free blacks to move further north and help their relatives escape from increasing mistreatment. III. Blacks in the Army In the battle for the emancipation of slavery, slaves contributed to their freedom by laboring and rallying behind the scenes. At the onset of war, the free Black Virginians supported the Confederacy even though they were treated as inferiors and lived in a state of fear. Many were motivated to work with the Confederate States with the hope that someday restrictions against them would be lifted while anticipating a post war gratitude from the white counterparts they fought with (Jordan 1995, 216). The efficiency of the army during the Civil War also saw slaves working as cooks, nurses, hospital attendants, blacksmiths, etc and not getting any pay while free blacks however who served the army were paid the same rate as privates (Cartmell 2004, 176). Less than a dozen African Americans actually served in combat, one of those who did was Holt Collier who served as a sharp shooter and cavalryman of the Texas Brigade (Cartmell, 2004). Thus suffice for us to say that the Blacks fought behind enemy lines as soldiers and were inspired by their involvement yet many were denied enlistment. IV. Blacks who remained in the confederate states Prior to the Civil War, black slaves in Louisiana enjoyed certain privileges that addressed their needs as slaves like being able to sue their masters for abuse (Edge and Downs 2003). Free Blacks were free to own property and conduct business while enjoying liberties absent from other Southern states while slaves were permitted to celebrate their African culture at the markets (edge and Downs 2003). In Virginia, Blacks were criticized for being indifferent to the success of the Southern rebellion as a few free blacks pretended to be slaves in order to gain urban employment like Jim Butler who worked at Richmond’s Exchange Hotel (Jordan 1995, 215). For most Blacks during the period, social injustice prevailed distressingly as slaveholdings in the vast majority of the Southern states continued. Treatment bordered from harsh to inhumane as slavery allowed the master to punish the blacks who failed to perform his duties as related in Stampp, â€Å"Now, I speak what I know, when I say it is like ‘casting pearls before swine’ to try to persuade a negro to work. He must be made to work, and should always be given to understand that if he fails to perform his duty he will be punished for it (Stampp 1956). Slave overseers were authorized to whip the non compliant slaves while free blacks were monitored well by patrols. Escapees were either maimed of killed as slaves were at risk of loosing their family members to punishing masters according to Stampp. Slave-breeding was encouraged to encourage the economic interest of Southern planters for easy access to black workers to retain whole black families to work for them (Loveland 1986). As a backlash to the Southerners who mistreated their black slaves, many Southern blacks fought for the Confederate cause as a patriotic duty in part and as slaves in full. Yet for many who knew and acknowledged the Northerners cause, most Black soldiers in the Confederate states fled to the Northern lines and fought with them. The slave’s knowledge proved important in winning the war as their familiarity became an advantage for the Northern regiment. V. Life after the war When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, it heavily marked the end of slavery and thereby freeing nearly four million slaves in America (grant 2001). But the history of unfair treatment of the US on its own people easily portrayed hypocrisy on its citizens as Blacks remained objects of racial discrimination. It goes into reason that politicians used their might to support the rich sectors’ relevant refusal to grant equal rights to blacks. Another point of discussion was the political agenda behind the support for the anti-slavery campaigns when civil rights and voting rights became an important issue. Granting the Black community access to their own rights would naturally mean higher pay for the earners and lower profits for the capitalists. While supportive of the anti-slavery, political leaderships, not wanting to loose the support of their corporate and rich allies despite knowledge of unfair treatment would seek to ignore such acts. Such was the extent and tentacles of power used for gains that demean the spirit of the Declaration of Independence (Hartz 1955). V. The fight for equality for the next 100 years As a wave of democracy rose to deafening heights, Black struggle for acceptance rose to free them from the binding ties of slavery (Markoff 1996, 163). Although slavery was emancipated, marginalized sectors continue to insist on freedom from mockery and racial segregation based on skin color (Loveland 1996). Struggles continued as schools in the South refused to adapt to integration that led to riots commandeered by the blacks held in opposition against the whites who refused desegregation and tolerate intimidation and murders led by its famous Ku Klux Klan movement (Zinn 2001). Few of the KKK’s activities received massive media attention until the murder of a 14 year old Emmet Till in 1955 that led to a confrontation against issues of racism. As women gained equal rights in 1960’s, racial discrimination slowly ebbed that gave way to several centuries of struggle fr the blacks to gain a state of freedom. VI. Conclusion Why slavery had to be ended by extreme force? If it were probably left to the government the rights of the ordinary slaves would have been left as it was. Heavy opposition and criticism did not bring an end to slavery. Even the national government who endorsed anti-slavery Republicans into office to resolve the issue was most of the time indecisive. The slave- owning southerners and the anti-slavery northerners could not see eye to eye on the ultimate extinction of slavery. In the 1850’s open hostilities were already brimming on several states which finally triggered hostile actions. Although many favored and sought some sort of a compromise, the stronger point of rejection for one was triggered by fear that a conspiracy is threatening to bring down the American republic. Disagreements arise to a crescendo as political parties split and Lincoln’s war goals came into light to solve the problem by means of force when no alternative action could be seen to solve the conflict. Greed for power was the root of such warfare nurtured among many that sought to restrict freedom and pursued rampant acts of discrimination. Such tentacles of power used for corporate gains demean the spirit of independence in this nation’s history. Bibliography Cartmell, Donald. 2004. The Civil War Up Close: Thousand of Curious, Obscure and Fascinating Facts. Career Press. Colley, Thomas. 1859. Civilized America. Bradbury and Evans. Edge, John T. and Downs, Tom. 2003. New Orleans. Lonely Planet. Forten, Charlotte L. 2000. A Free Black Girl Before the Civil War: The Diary of Charlotte Forten, 1854. Capstone Press. Grant, Donald L. 2001. The Way It was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia. Atlanta: University of Georgia Hartz, Louis. 1955. The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Thought Since the Revolution. New York: Harcourt. Jordan, Ervin L. 1995. Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia. Virginia: University of Virginia. Loveland, Anne C. 1986. Lilian Smith, A Southerners Confronting the South: A Biography. Baton Rouge: Lousisiana State University. Markoff, John. 1996. Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change. Pine Forge Press. Stampp, Kenneth M. 1956. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South. Survey Tocqueville, Alexis. 1969. Democracy in America, eds. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence. New York: Harper Collins. Zinn, Howard. 2001. People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Collins.

Lumpkin Plumbing Essay

Lumpkin experienced a steady increase in sales since it began 1990 and has recently expanded inventories to accommodate a relatively larger sales increase. Richard Lumpkin borrowed $150,000 to expand the warehouse to hold more inventories and include a model to attract retail sales. The expansion will benefit the company as long as inventories are managed well and the increase in production does not harm profit margins. Lumpkin Plumbing projected figures for the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flows for 2000. Lumpkin anticipated growth for the 2000 year but underestimated the increase in total assets and liabilities by 47. 37%. Lumpkin also projected a 20% increase in sales and realized an actual increase of 63. 15%. Though the company underestimated the sales increase, it was able to manage costs and increase net income 63. 42%. If Lumpkin can maintain its’ profit margin and take advantage of increased demand then the expansion would be beneficial to the health of the company. Lumpkin is managing the expansion and should be able to make its loan repayments of $50,000 per year. Lumpkin also underestimated the growth of its inventories and accounts payable. Inventories at Lumpkin increased 89. 39% though the increase was projected at 10. 48%. Lumpkin had $628,800 in inventories at the end of 2000 which raises concern for the liquidity of the company. Accounts payable projections were also off, with a projected decrease of $2,000 and an actual increase of $216,400. The increase in accounts payable is partly due to the extension of A/P days from 10. 40 to 45. 10 from 1999 to 2000. The extreme A/P could be from inventory costs and also account for the large increase in inventory holdings. Lumpkin could be planning for an increase in sales growth and hold inventories to meet the demand. Even if the discrepancies between the projected and actual figures for the inventories and A/P are explained by increases in sales, these should have been accounted for in the projections and should not have been so dramatically different. Lumpkin Plumbing effectively used the loan to grow the company and is in fair financial health to repay the loans. Though the company has met the increased demand and managed operating costs, the difference in some projections raises reasons for concern. If Lumpkin is not able to forecast financial conditions accurately, the financial future of the company is uncertain, increasing its default risk. I recommend Lumpkin Plumbing be considered for future loans after financial statements are analyzed repayment of the current loan is complete.

Business Intelligence HW Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Intelligence HW - Research Paper Example CIOs use BI to classify unproductive business processes that are ready for re-engineering. With today’s BI tools, business individuals can take the plunge and start analyzing data themselves, rather than wait for IT department to run multipart reports. You need to set up your mental picture for your business intelligence strategy before you bring the aspect of technology into the discussion. Here is how effective BI strategy is put into action: Choose a C-level sponsor: Business intelligence implementations should not be sponsored by anyone in IT. As an alternative, BI should be sponsored by an executive who has an upshot duty; has a big image of the enterprise goals, objectives and strategy; and knows how to interpret the company mission into key performance indicators that will prop up that mission. Similarly, without common definitions, a BI accomplishment cannot thrive. In addition, lack of accord is a prevalent dilemma in companies today. Furthermore, you should examine t he in progress business intelligence mass and processes and organizational structures adjoining present BI implementations. Creating a plan for storage is also of very crucial importance for BI to be successful. The three broad classes of users of BI are strategic, operational and tactical. Strategic involves making view decision like closing down operations in china or Europe. Tactical users make many decisions a week, and use both cumulative and detail-level information, and liable to require rationalized information daily. Operational users are the innovative employees, such as call center staff. Another process for making BI strategy successful involves making your mind up on whether to buy or manufacture the systematic data model. Enterprises that are more complex may benefit from customization, even though you may still want to think about opening with an industry-standard sculpt as a pattern or a set of guides. IT is very important to consider all business BI components, as t hey are many in numbers,  therefore it is important to be sure that they describe the architecture for all layers of the BI heap; even if they may not be part of the BI strategy itself, they will shape the achievement of completion (Daniel, 2007). Knowledge management vs. BI: KM is an intentional, orderly business optimization strategy that organizes, first-rate, distills stores, put together, and communicates information indispensable to the business of a company in a way that progress corporate competitiveness and employee performance. On the other hand, BI is a system or systems that provide unswerving background facts and coverage tools to maintain and advance the decision-making process.  BI and KM are, to some extent, the same but the only thing that tells apart KM form BI are that KM creates new knowledge and helps in knowledge dispersion whereas BI has no equivalent action to these two. The future of these areas is still vague; however, there are quite a few companies up -and-coming to provide services for both business intelligence and knowledge management. Business intelligence firms, such as The Center for Business Intelligence, Micro strategy, and SAP; advertise their services as decision support for managerial decision makers.  Ã‚  These businesses sell and apply software that captures data, maneuvers it into handy information and apply the information to answer detailed questions, show trends, generate reports